| |
SCIENTIFIC NAME:
Citrus aurantium L.
|
FAMILY NAME:
Rutaceae
|
COMMON NAME:
bitter orange, bigarade, Seville orange
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
History of Records
|
|
History of Record (1)
|
| |
|
BACK TO HOME
|
 |
 |
 |
| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
|
| |
|
Clinical Trials
|
 |
Subjects ingesting one dose of Ripped Fuel Extreme Cut (with 21 mg synephrine and 304 mg caffeine by analysis) under resting conditions and 1 hour prior to moderately intense exercise experienced increased blood pressure and plasma glucose post-exercise.
Haller 2008
|
|
| |
A trial using 10 healthy male volunteers randomly divided into two groups found auricular acupressure at some specific acupoints can significantly improve absorption of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in bitter orange extracts.
Zhou 2008
|
|
| |
A dietary herbal supplement containing bitter orange and phenylephrine for the treatment of obesity presented no significant safety issues or significant weight loss in one of two pilot studies using healthy subjects.
Greenway 2006
|
|
| |
Adrenergic amines extracted from Citrus aurantium increased thermic effect of food in women and men equally when added to meal, but particularly in men when taken alone.
Gougeon 2005
|
|
| |
Compared with placebo, Xenadrine EFX (a multi-component formulation containing 5.5 mg synephrine) but not Advantra Z (containing 46.9 mg synephrine) increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure with peak changes from baseline at 2 hours in RDB study of 10 healthy adult nonsmokers.
Haller 2005
|
|
| |
A review of antifungal herbal preparations that have been tested in controlled clinical trials showed that Solanum species (two trials) and oil of bitter orange preparations (one trial) were compared with conventional treatments with encouraging results.
Martin 2004
|
|
| |
Aromatherapy using Lavendula officinalis, Citrus aurantium & Malaleuca alternifolia in 13 elderly persons did not reduce combative, resistive behaviors in individuals with dementia and there was also no difference based on gender.
Gray 2002
|
|
| |
Tongbu No.1, a prescription containing ginseng leaf, immature bitter orange, rhubarb, etc) could improve various symptoms of aging, and had the effect in regulating immune and endocrinal function, scavenging free radicals and adjusting coli flora. [Article in Chinese].
Zhou 1999
|
|
| |
Treatment with a 25% emulsion of oil of bitter orange three times daily in 20 patients with tinea corporis, cruris & pedis, cured 80% of patients in 1 to 2 weeks & 20% in 2 to 3 weeks and thus proved its fungistatic & fungicidal activity against a variety of pathogenic dermatophyte species.
Ramadan 1996
|
|
| |
The presence and kinetics of specific IgE & IgG antibodies against Citrus aurantium sinensis & C. silension were studied in 41 atopic and 20 non-atopic children aged 8-12 years, to whom a citrus fruit-exclusion diet was maintained and no changes in skin reactivity & RAST values were observed.
Alonso 1994
|
|
|
Observational Studies/Case Reports
|
| |
A 38 year old patient had an ischemic stroke after taking 1 or 2 capsules per day for a week of a dietary supplement containing synephrine (a sympathomimetic amine from Citrus aurantium) and caffeine.
Bouchard 2005
|
|
| |
A 52 year old woman taking a dry herbal extract of Citrus aurantium had an adverse reaction.
Firenzuoli 2005
|
|
| |
A dietary supplement containing Citrus aurantium may have masked bradycardia and hypotension and exacerbated weight loss in a 16-year old woman with an eating disorder.
Gray 2005
|
|
| |
Clinical and basic research has revealed, that products containing Citrus aurantium are an effective aid to weight loss, & synephrine of C. aurantium which is structurally similar to epinephrine, has lipolytic effects in human fat cells only at high doses, but tends to increase blood pressure.
Fugh-Berman 2004
|
|
| |
In a review it has been mentioned that three studies reported increased metabolic rates in humans when ingesting Citrus aurantium products. However, at least two of these studies were acute and at present, C. aurantium may be the best thermogenic substitute for ephedra.
Preuss 2002
|
|
| |
Combination of Rhamus frangula, Citrus aurantium, Carum carvi was added to the herb combination for defecation & for treatment in 24 chronic non-specific colitis patients. Defecation was normalized in patients with diarrhea syndrome.[Article in Bulgarian].
Chakurski 1981
|
|
| |
32 patients with obstipation syndrome were treated with Rhamus frangula, Citrus aurantium, Carum carvi and this laxative combination was effective in 100 % of patients - daily defecation in 90.6 % and every second day in 9.4 % of patients was attained. [Article in Bulgarian].
Matev 1981
|
|
|
Traditional and Folk Use
|
| |
In an ethnopharmacological survey, Citrus aurantium and other herbs are identified as plants with significant use in the southeastern region of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
Alvarado-Guzm?2009
|
|
|
|
| |
The study of use of medicinal plants by 802 ambulatory patients in Puerto Rico revealed that Citrus aurantium was used as a sedative by 39% of patients and for gastrointestinal disorders by 17%.
Hernandez 1984
|
|
|
|
 |
OIL OF NEROLI from the fresh blossoms of the bitter orange tree, Citrus Aurantium var. Bigaradia.
BPC 1911
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adverse Effects & Toxicity
|
| |
Samples of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) fruits (epicarp and mesocarp), leaves and its fruit marmalade from sites in Seville (Andalucia, Spain) with different levels of traffic were analysed for Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations by ICP/AES.
Oliva 2008
|
|
| |
Review of evidence for safety and efficacy of Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids was examined in animal studies, clinical weight loss trials, acute physiologic studies and case reports.
Haaz 2006
|
|
| |
Comparisons of presupplementation and postsupplementation phenotypic ratios suggested that Citrus aurantium had no significant effect on CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4 activity.
Gurley 2004
|
|
| |
The contact and photocontact allergy to ketoprofen was studied in 20 patients. Among them 5 patients reacted to the fragrance components lavender oil and/or neroli (Citrus aurantium dulcis) oil 5% in alcohol as cross-reactivity.
Matthieu 2004
|
|
| |
Report of incidence of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction coinciding with intake of Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) containing 300 mg of dietary supplement (Edita's Skinny Pill) for weight loss for one year in a 55 year old white woman with undetected coronary vascular disease.
Nykamp 2004
|
|
| |
From Jan. 1, 1998, to Feb. 28, 2004, Health Canada received 16 reports in which products containing bitter orange or synephrine were suspected of being associated with cardiovascular ARs, including tachycardia, cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, transient collapse and blackout.
Scott Jordan 2004
|
|
|
|
| |
Among various other citrus-essential oils investigated for phototoxicity, lime oil and bitter-orange oil contained large amounts of oxypeucedanin, which elicited photopigmentation on colored-guinea-pig skin without preceding visible erythema.
Naganuma 1985
|
|
|
Interactions
|
| |
Citrus aurantium, milk thistle, or saw palmetto extracts appear to pose a minimal risk for CYP-mediated herb-drug interactions as concluded from determination of single-time point phenotypic metabolic ratios on CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4 in 12 healthy volunteers.
Gurley 2004
|
|
| |
Coadministration of decoctions of the fruits of Citrus aurantium and the Pericarps of Citrus grandis has produced Acute intoxication of cyclosporin.
Hou 2000
|
|
|
Animal Studies
|
| |
C. aurantium did not present a significant antiestrogenic effect in the female reproductive system when tested in a uterotrophic assay in immature female rats.
Arbo 2009
|
|
| |
Biological assays performed on essential oil of C. aurantium (OEC) and its majority compound limonene (LIM) to evaluate their effect on gastric mucosa of rats showed that OEC and LIM do not interfere with gastric H(+) secretion, serum gastrin or glutathione (GSH) level in gastric mucosa.
Moraes 2009
|
|
| |
Results of HPLC evaluation of C. aurantium extract and p-synephrine in mice indicated low subchronic toxicity.
Arbo 2008
|
|
| |
Treatment with naringenin and hesperetin derived from Citrus aurantium suggested the two flavonoids might exert antiatherogenic effects partly through activating PPAR and up-regulating adiponectin expression in adipocytes.
Liu 2008
|
|
| |
Umbelliferone, a natural antioxidant found in Citrus aurantium, was shown to normalize membrane-bound ATPases in various tissues in diabetic rats.
Ramesh 2007a
|
|
| |
Normal and diabetic male albino Wistar rats treated with umbelliferone from Citrus aurantium and Aegle marmelos for 45 days resulting in controlled glycemia and a beneficial effect on collagen content and its properties in the rats' tail tendon.
Ramesh 2007b
|
|
| |
Daily treatment of genetic diabetic mice with extract of Citrus aurantium fruit and Rauwolfia vomitoria foliage at 10x human dose for 6 weeks resulted in significant weight loss compared to untreated controls. A single dose given at 70x human dose to lean mice was non-toxic.
Campbell 2006
|
|
| |
Study discusses evaluation of Citrus aurantium oil on anxiolytic and sedative effects in mice.
Pultrini 2006
|
|
| |
Of three Cheng-Chi-Tang (purgative) decoctions containing Citrus aurantium and other botanical and mineral ingredients studied on mice, one formula was found to have anti-inflammatory effects in addition to laxative effects.
Tseng 2006
|
|
| |
Citrus extract was found to modulate genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in mice bone marrow cells.
Hosseinimehr 2005
|
|
| |
Active ingredients 311 and 417 isolated from Jiuxinfumai injection (Citrus aurantium) can increase L-type calcium currents in ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs in a dose-responsive manner.
Fang 2004
|
|
| |
A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of citrus extract (Citrus aurantium var. amara) at 250mg/kg showed protection against gamma-irradiation and reduced the clastogenic effect of radiation on mice bone marrow.
Hosseinimehr 2003
|
|
| |
Treatment with essential oil of Citrus aurantium L peel at 0.5 kgs increased latency period of tonic seizures in convulsing experimental models of swiss male mice and at 1.0 g/kg increased sleeping time induced by barbiturates and time spent in open arms the elevated plus maze.
Carvalho-Freitas 2002
|
|
| |
[Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: a preliminary report.]
Calapai 1999
|
|
| |
The management of clinical cases of peste des petits ruminants disease in goats revealed that Lemon fruit and Citrus aurantium were effective for the treatment of orf-like labial scabs which raised the survival rate of goats by 13.3%.
Wosu 1989
|
|
| |
After a long and continuous exposure to orange especially those obtained from Citrus Aurantium Sinensis and C. Silension, it was possible to develop specific antibodies in rabbits.
Alonso 1989
|
|
|
Pharmacodynamics
|
| |
Bioactive compounds from Citrus aurantium inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest.
Jayaprakasha 2010
|
|
| |
Of 8 essential oils tested against 12 species of intestinal bacteria, Citrus aurantium var. amara was one of the most promising for treatment of intestinal dysbiosis.
Hawrelak 2009
|
|
| |
Citrus aurantium and other plant essential oils exhibited strong toxicity against Culex pipiens larvae.
Michaelakis 2009
|
|
| |
Salivary biomarker for alpha-amylase activity was decreased by inhalation of Citrus aurantium.
Yamaguchi 2009
|
|
| |
Methanolic extract of Citrus aurantium and other Nepalese crude drugs showed concentration-dependent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase; tyrosinase inhibitors control hyperpigmentation.
Adhikari 2008
|
|
| |
The antiproliferative activity of fresh fruit juices extracted from Citrus aurantium subsp. myrtifolia and other citrus species was evaluated against K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia), HL-60 (human leukemia) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines.
Camarda 2007
|
|
| |
Citrus aurantium and 13 other species showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in this preliminary screen utilizing the disc diffusion method.
Mel?ez 2006
|
|
| |
Extracts from Citrus aurantium and other plants commonly used by the people of Puerto Rico possess strong in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Mel?ez 2006
|
|
| |
An analytical method was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 6 amines and 20 flavonoids in fruits and extracts of 30 Citrus species, including C. aurantium, by liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection.
Avula 2005
|
|
| |
Citrus aurantium extract 4 x 10(-3)-1 x10(-1) g/ml can increase L-type calcium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes, and promote opening of calcium channel. CAE 2 x 10(-1)-4 x 10(-1) g/ml may inhibit L-type calcium channels and depress opening of calcium channel. [Article in Chinese].
Fang 2003
|
|
| |
Citrus aurantium var. dulcis (sweet orange) essential oil (EO), C. paradisi EO and C.limon EO induced apoptosis in human leukemic (HL-60) cells which were related to limonene content of EOs. Aldehyde compounds Decanal, octanal and citral also induced apoptosis strongly in HL-60 cells.
Hata 2003
|
|
| |
Seven compounds including creatine monohydrate, Ephedra sinensis extract, Citrus aurantium (Zhi Shi) extract were tested for ergogenic effect on myogenic satellite cells in which only creatine monohydrate induced differentiation of myogenic satellite cells.
Vierck 2003
|
|
| |
The susceptibility tests carried out in Culex quinque fasciatus larvae using peel oil extracts of Citrus aurantium, C. sinensis and C. limon showed their insecticidal activities.
Mwaiko 1992
|
|
| |
The study of relaxant effects of volatile oils of 22 plants from 11 different families on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig revealed that 4 oils including bitter orange, caraway, mace, pepper produced a marked increase in resting force (i.e. contracture).
Reiter 1985
|
|
| |
[The effects of Citrus aurantium and its active ingredient N-methyltyramine on the cardiovascular receptors][Article in Chinese].
Chen 1981
|
|
|
Analytical Chemistry
|
| |
A validated analytical method is reported for the analysis of narirutin and hesperidin in Zhi Ke (Citrus aurantium L.) in the form of the dried raw herb and of the commercially prepared dried aqueous extract.
Lee 2009
|
|
| |
The larvacidal activities of bitter orange essential oils and compounds were evaluated against larvae of the mosquito species Culex pipiens under laboratory conditions.
Melliou 2009
|
|
| |
Pinenes and essential oils from bitter orange and other citrus were evaluated for insecticidal action against mosquito larvae.
Michaelakis 2009
|
|
| |
HPLC analysis of the flavanones naringin, neohesperidin, and neoeriocitrin, which are present in bergamot juice and practically absent in the lemon juice, is a convenient way to detect and quantify the fraudulent addition of bergamot juice.
Cautela 2008
|
|
| |
A new method of extraction and purification of limonoids was established using a hydrotrope polystyrene adsorbent resin.
Dandekar 2008
|
|
| |
Reversed-phase HPLC utilizing photodiode array detection is used for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and nine alkaloids from Citrus aurantium and ephedra contained in dietary weight loss products.
Evans 2008
|
|
| |
Potential cancer preventive constituents of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were isolated, identified and purified from EtOAc extract of sour orange.
Jayaprakasha 2008a
|
|
| |
Antioxidant fractions from Rio Red grapefruit (Citrus paradise Macf.) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were extracted and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method.
Jayaprakasha 2008b
|
|
| |
Development of a high performance capillary electrophoresis method for Citrus aurantium fingerprints to control its quality. [Article in Chinese].
Luo 2008
|
|
| |
Three active components were identified by bioassay-guided fractionation of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) fruit peel petroleum ether extract.
Siskos 2008
|
|
| |
Contents of constituents in 50 fruit samples of Citrus aurantium and other species were determined using a developed HPLC method, which had been validated in terms of precision, repeatability, and accuracy.
Chuang 2007a
|
|
| |
The contents of 12 constituents in 20 commercial samples of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Poncitrus trifoliata) and 30 of Aurantii Fructus Maturus (Citrus aurantium and C. wilsonii)were determined by HPLC and were used to assess the potential relationships with their plant origins.
Chuang 2007b
|
|
| |
A positive-ion mode liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of the adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange reference standards was developed and validated.
Nelson 2007
|
|
| |
An overview of various extraction, separation and detection techniques employed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of alkaloids in Citrus aurantium and related species.
Pellati 2007a
|
|
| |
The chromatographic performance of a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase was evaluated for rapid separation of phenethylamine alkaloids in Citrus aurantium plant material (fruits and peel), various citrus species, extracts and dietary supplements claiming to contain C. aurantium.
Pellati 2007b
|
|
| |
Synephrine is determined in weight-loss products using high performance liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection.
Slezak 2007
|
|
| |
This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin in Citrus aurantium and other Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition.
Lu 2006
|
|
| |
Chemical compounds in Citrus aurantium and other plants found in the traditional Chinese medicine "Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu" were identified along with their plant derivations with an HPLC-ESI-MS technique.
Zhang 2006
|
|
| |
Development of a new liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative determination of synephrine in bitter orange samples is described where 2 dry extracts contain 5% and 6% synephrine.
Mattoli 2005
|
|
| |
Analysis of Citrus aurantium samples showed that (-)-synephrine was the main component using enantioselective LC method with photodiode array detection.
Pellati 2005
|
|
| |
When evaluated by reverse-phase HPLC technique Synephrine, the adrenergic amine of Citrus aurantium was present in a range 0.25-0.99% in herbal medicines and the flavanones naringin and neohesperidin values ranged from 1.80 - 26.30 and from 3.90 - 14.71 mg/g, respectively.
Pellati 2004
|
|
| |
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to screen furanocoumarin derivatives as cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors in citrus fruits has been developed which can detect furanocoumarins present in grapefruit juice and 8 citrus varieties were found to contain these agents including sour orange.
Saita 2004
|
|
| |
The 2S- and 2R-diastereomers of major flavanone-7-O-glycosides found in Citrus sinensis, C. deliciosa, C. paradisi, C. limon & C. aurantium were separated for the first time by chiral capillary electrophoresis employing various buffers with combined chiral selectors.
Gel-Moreto 2003
|
|
| |
The study of Biochemical characterization of five varieties of citrus including blood orange, sweet orange, and bitter orange showed, limonene the most abundant compound of monoterpene hydrocarbons and 18 fatty acids have been identified in the studied citrus juices.
Moufida 2003
|
|
| |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons of peel oil of Citrus aurantium L.var. Cyathifera Y. Tanaka decreased from 98.0 to 66.4% upon 12 months storage at 20 degrees C, sesquiterpene HC?s & alcohols increased from 0.1 to 2.4% & from 0.3 to 7.9%, respectively but 34 artifact compounds (17.0%) were formed.
Njoroge 2003
|
|
| |
The antioxidant activity of cyanidin 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside from Citrus aurantium was studied with the Briggs-Rauscher reaction method, and the results compared with other methods.
Cervellati 2002
|
|
| |
A method based on capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection has been developed for the determination of hesperidin and synephrine in the Chinese traditional herbal drug, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae.
Chen 2002
|
|
| |
A rapid, quantitative RP-HPLC technique with UV was set up, to separate adrenergic amines dl-octopamine, dl-synephrine & tyramine and to determine their content in fruits, extracts and herbal products of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara.
Pellati 2002
|
|
| |
High-speed GC with time-of-flight MS detection was used for the characterization and analysis of oils rendered from the peel of five diverse species of orange including bergemot orange, bitter orange and sweet orange.
Veriotti 2002
|
|
| |
11 chemical constituents were isolated and identified including neohesperidin, synephrin 5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3 beta-ol, aminoacids etc., from the flower of Citrus aurantium. [Article in Chinese].
Huang 2001
|
|
| |
The oxygen heterocyclic compounds present in the nonvolatile residue of 5 citrus essential oils including Bitter Orange, Bergamot and Grapefruit were analysed with an HPLC/API/MS system equipped with an APcI probe in positive mode.
Dugo 2000
|
|
| |
Determination of naringin and neohesperidin by liquid chromato-graphy with UV detection to detect the mixing up of grapefruit juice in orange juice was carried out as a collaborative study in different orange juice mixtures including 5% sour orange and 5% grapefruit juice and the method is reliable.
Widmer 2000
|
|
| |
Determination by HPLC showed the highest content of Naringin in Citrus aurantium L. 'Xiangcheng' from Xingan city Jiangxi provice and the highest content of synephrine in Citrus aurantium L. 'Xiangcheng' from Yiyang city Jiangxi provice. [Article in Chinese].
Xiao 2000
|
|
| |
For the determination of the oxygen heterocyclic compounds of 5 citrus essential oils including bitter orange a fast HPLC method was developed which is good for rapid screening or fingerprinting of these essential oils.
Bonaccorsi 1999
|
|
| |
A capillary electrophoretic method was developed to analyze simultaneously most citrus juice components in a single procedure and biogenic amine synephrine, flavonoids, polyphenol phlorin, 3 UV-absorbing amino acids and ascorbic acid, were monitored.
Cancalon 1999
|
|
| |
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection using a chiral ligand-exchange column was developed for the enantioselective determination of p-hydroxymandelic acid (HMA), a metabolite of synephrine & determined in Citrus unshiu.
Arai 1997
|
|
| |
A study on effects of salinity on growth rate, leaf weight ratio, nutrient uptake & utilization in 4 varieties of citrus including sour orange, revealed reduced plant growth due to osmotic effects, inhibitory effects of high concentrations of Cl(-) & Na(+), & imbalance of essential nutrients.
Ruiz 1997
|
|
| |
The contents of synephrine were determined by HPLC, and the volatile oil and soaked constituents were analysed in baked Fructus Aurantii Immaturus with bran of different storage periods which revealed that the contents of samples get reduced as the storage is prolonged.
Zhou 1997
|
|
| |
The analysis of bitter orange and grapefruit essential oils (non-volatile fraction) was carried out by HPLC in normal- and reversed-phase mode with UV detection, GC-MS and LC-MS.
Buiarelli 1996
|
|
| |
Determination of synephrine enantiomers was made with HPLC & electrochemical detection using a chiral ligand-exchange column and tested in Citrus unshiu fruit, orange juice, marmalade and also used to determine conjugated synephrine enantiomers in urine following ingestion of C. unshiu.
Kusu 1996
|
|
| |
An evaluation of Kijitsu, the immature different citrus species (C. hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka, C. natsudaidai Hayata or allied plants) revealed that content of flavonoids (narirutin, naringin hesperidin, neohesperidin) or synephrine did not show much difference. [Article in Japanese].
Hosoda 1991
|
|
| |
Content of synephrine in dried unripe citrus fruits, Kijitsu was analyzed by HPLC which revealed that Citrus unshiu had the highest amount of synephrine and there was no difference between C. hassaku & C. aurantium & synephrine content decreased as diameter of Kijitsu increased.
Hosoda 1990
|
|
| |
[Pesticide residues in oranges (Citrus aurantium L. ssp. aurantium). II. Organophosphate insecticide residues] [Article in Czech].
Cerna 1982
|
|
| |
[Pesticide residues in the orange (Citrus aurantium L. ssp. aurantium). I. Determination of residues of organophosphate insecticides using gas chromatography] [Article in Czech].
Cerna 1981
|
|
| |
[Methoxylated flavones of Citrus aurantium L. subspecies amara L] [Article in German].
Schneider 1968
|
|
| |
[Cysteine desulfhydrase in Citrus aurantium.] [Article in Undetermined Language].
Bargoni 1953
|
|
|
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
|
| |
After oral administration of BZZW (Zhi Zhu Wan, a classical Chinese medical formulation containing Citrus aurantium), both naringenin and hesperetin were detected in plasma, and demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic parameters.
Cao 2010
|
|
| |
A sensitive gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of m- and p-synephrine in a cellular matrix after solid phase extraction.
Rossato 2010
|
|
| |
High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the flavanone glycosides and their corresponding aglycones originating from dried, immature fruits of Citrus aurantium in human fecal flora.
Wang 2008
|
|
|
Genetics & Molecular Biology
|
| |
Results of random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses of Citrus aurantium germplasm on two islands of the Yangtze River suggests that preserving most parental trees and selected young trees with distant genetic relationships should be an effective conservation strategy for sour orange germplasm.
Ming 2009
|
|
| |
Pretreatment of Citrus aurantium plants with hydrogen peroxide or nitric oxide showed that both strongly reduced the detrimental phenotypical and physiological effects accompanying the stress of plant acclimation to salinity.
Tanou 2009
|
|
| |
Assay of 27 samples from 5 cultivars of Citrus aurantium revealed that inter-simple sequence repeat markers can serve to establish genetic relationships among cultivars.
Zuo 2005
|
|
| |
The accumulation of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) which caused death of millions of trees grafted on sour orange in a progeny derived from the cross between Citrus aurantium and Poncirus trifoliata, both resistant to CTV isolate T-346 was genetically analyzed by quantitative trait loci.
Asins 2004
|
|
| |
The genetic analysis of virus-plant interaction in the family derived from Citrus aurantium after a citrus tristeza virus chronic infection showed the segregation of five types of interaction, which is not compatible with the hypothesis of a single gene controlling resistance.
Bernet 2004
|
|
| |
Intergeneric somatic hybrids combining Citrus aurantium L. with Poncirus trifoliata were produced by electrofusion and their genetic inheritance analyzed by genomic in situ hybridization, amplified fragment length polymorphism and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Fu 2004
|
|
| |
Phenotypic and genotypic variability of 18 endophytic Guignardia strains from different host plants including Citrus aurantium was assessed by means of morphometric measurements and inter-single-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplifications of the DNA.
Rodrigues 2004
|
|
| |
The study of Identification and genomic distribution of gypsy like retrotransposons in Citrus & Poncirus revealed that the number of copies and heterozygosity values found for gypsy derived IRAPs are lower in Poncirus than in C. aurantium.
Bernet 2003
|
|
| |
For the study of comparison between Poncirus and Citrus genetic linkage maps, five genetic linkage maps were constructed for the parents of 3 progenies including Citrus aurantium x Poncirus trifoliata var. Flying Dragon.
Ruiz 2003
|
|
| |
Enhancement of transformation frequency by a combination of benzylaminopurine + naphthalene-acetic acid enabled transgenic sour orange plants to be produced, incorporating the coat protein gene of citrus tristeza virus (CTV).
Ghorbel 2000
|
|
| |
Leaf derived protoplasts of Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) were fused electrically with embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle to produce intergeneric diploid somatic hybrid plants. [Article in Chinese].
Liu 2000
|
|
|
Patents
|
| |
Conduct a search on "Citrus aurantium" or "bitter orange" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
|
|
|
Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
|
| |
Viscous flow along an aqueous continuum across the sweet cherry fruit exocarp and across astomatous cuticular membranes of selected species including Citrus aurantium L., accounted for higher permeability during water uptake as compared to self-diffusion or transpiration.
Beyer 2004
|
|
| |
The study on the effect of rootstock and interstock grafted in lemon tree on flavonoid content of lemon juice revealed that Citrus aurantium L. rootstock and "Berna" and "Washington Navel" interstocks were the most appropriate to graft in lemon tree which does not increase flavonoid content.
Gil-Izquierdo 2004
|
|
| |
Improvement in growth and salt resistance of lemon trees by an interstock-induced mechanism was studied by growing sour orange (Citrus aurantium L; SO) seedlings, budded trees of Citrus sinensis on SO, Citrus limon and interstock trees in pots of sand watered with saline treatment.
Camara Zapata 2003
|
|
| |
Stunting of leaves and development of Brevipalpus galls on terminal buds were recorded on Citrus aurantium L., seedlings heavily infested with B. californicus in an insectary. These mites pose a big threat as these are vectors of a potentially invasive viral disease -citrus leprosis.
Childers 2003
|
|
| |
A study on the effects of salinity on growth, uptake, transport and accumulation of Cl- and Na+ ions in leaves, stem and four root segments revealed that sour orange and C. macrophylla have different regulatory mechanisms for uptake and transport of Cl- and Na+.
Fernandez-Ballester 2003
|
|
| |
80% increase observed on intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of some orange trees in response to 300 micromol mol(-1) increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration employed in the study was identical to long-term CO2-induced increase in trees' production of wood and fruit biomass.
Leavitt 2003
|
|
| |
The study of native & introduced host plants of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata in northwestern Argentina revealed that Citrus aurantium L., C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck, C. reticulata Blanco were only infested by Ceratitis capitata.
Ovruski 2003
|
|
| |
The effects of humidity on water permeability of astomatous, isolated cuticular membranes & leaf disks of 5 plants including Citrus aurantium L., Vinca major L.,& Prunus laurocerasus L., were investigated by a new method using 3H2O.
Schreiber 2001
|
|
| |
Chinese medicinal plants Zhiqiao and Zhishi originated from Citrus aurantium and its varieties C. aurantium "Xiucheng", C. aurantium "Xiangcheng" & Poncirus trifoliata x C. aurantium and Poncirus trifoliata were taken as origin of Zhiqiao and Zhishi only in a few areas[Article in Chinese].
Cai 1999
|
|
| |
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization, growth, and carbohydrate status of Citrus aurantium L. seedlings were compared at low and high phosphorus supply with four Glomus species. Growth rates were reduced by three aggressive fungi (Gc, Gi, and G329) but not by less aggressive Ge.
Graham 1996
|
|
| |
Study on the quality of commercial fruits of Citrus aurantium produced in Jiangxi, revealed that the quality of Eyan Zhishi is good and Jiang Zhishi & Jiang Zhiqiao are the best varieties. [Article in Chinese].
Zhang 1989
|
|
| |
[Air pollution effects on the structure of Citrus aurantium leaves.].
Psaras 1987
|
|
| |
Partition coefficients of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid have been determined for leaves of 6 plants including Citrus aurantium and for 4 fruits and average partition coefficient of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid of 6 leaves of enzymatically isolated cuticles was 316 (range, 240-470).
Riederer 1984
|
|
| |
Cultivation of Citrus aurantium] [Article in Chinese].
Zhao 1984
|
|
| |
Microorganism which appears to be an arthrobacter capable of degrading dl-synephrine by a pathway involving p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid as intermediates were isolated from soil of Citrus gardens by enrichment culture.
Devi 1975
|
|
|
Related Links
|
| |
Taxonomic information for C. aurantium at USDA's Germplasm Resources Information Network
(GRIN)
|
|
|
|
| |
Article on toxicity of synephrine vs. herbal extracts by Subhuti Dharmananda at
itmonline.org
|
|
| |
Essential Oil Therapy/Aromatherapy
For Bowel Problems from
Jeanne Rose
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| HISTORY OF RECORD |
|
| RESEARCHED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, Ph.D November 2004 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Gayle Engels June 2010 |
|
| |
| BACK TO HOME |
|
|
