HOME |  ABOUT HERBMED |  SPONSORS |  LINKS |  LICENSING |  HELP

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Sambucus nigra L. FAMILY NAME: Adoxaceae/Caprifoliaceae /Sambucaceae COMMON NAME: black elderberry   Evidence for Efficacy (Human Data)    Clinical Trials  (14)    Observational Studies/Case Reports  (6)    Traditional and Folk Use  (23)   Safety Data    Adverse Effects & Toxicity  (3)    Interactions  (1)    Contraindications  (0)   Evidence of Activity    Animal Studies  (12)    Pharmacodynamics  (179)    Analytical Chemistry  (59)    Pharmacokinetics (ADME)  (1)    Genetics & Molecular Biology  (33)   Formulas/Blends    Modern Methods of Preparation  (2)    Patents  (1)    Folk Blends (component)  (0)    Contemporary Mixtures (component)  (1)   Other Information    Pictures & Distribution Maps  (4)    Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology  (18)    Related Links  (14)   Dynamic Updates    Live PubMed Searches  (15)   History of Records    History of Record (1)   BACK TO HOME EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA)   Clinical Trials   After a diet of Sambucus nigra L. berry juice enriched with flower extract and tablets containing berry powder, the mean weight, blood pressure, physical and emotional well-being and the quality of life had significantly improved (ITT analysis) in 80 participants. Chrubasik 2008   A study on linkage-specific sialylation changes in oral carcinogenesis showed that linkage-specific lectins, Sambusus nigra & Maackia amurensis, detect alpha 2-6- & alpha 2-3-linked sialic acid, which were used to analyze linkage-specific sialyltransferases activity & sialoproteins. Shah 2008   Pharmacokinetic variables of several dietary anthocyanins (potent natural antioxidants) following consumption of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract were evaluated in urine and plasma of six healthy volunteers. Frank 2007   Patients with gallbladder inflammation that underwent laparoscopy had an increased percentage of specifically bound insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 to Sambucus nigra agglutinin compared with healthy subjects. Baricevi?006   The efficacy and safety of oral elderberry syrup for treating influenza A and B infections was investigated in 60 patients aged 18-54 years and showed that Elderberry extract seems to offer an efficient, safe and cost-effective treatment for influenza. Zakay-Rones 2004   111 primary breast cancer cases were assessed for binding of lectin from Helix pomatia which recognizes N-acetyl-galactosamine & N-acetyglucosamine glycans, as predictor of metastasis & prognosis & compared with agglutinins of Limax flavus, Sambucus nigra agglutinin & Maackia amurensis lectin I. Brooks 2001   Glycoprotein lectin immunosorbent assay (GLIA) uses lectins from Sambucus nigra bark & Maackia to identify pregnant women at risk for preterm delivery by detecting fibronectin was quantitated in cervicovaginal secretions Hampel 1999   In patients with urinary tract infection lower amounts of galactose and alpha2, 6-linked sialic acid, as determined by reactivity with Datura stramonium lectin (P<0.005) and Sambucus nigra lectin (P<0.005), were observed. Olczak 1999   N-Acetylneuraminic acids promote calcium binding and gel formation. Its free/bound ratio in urine was 0.84 in 41 calcium oxalate stone-formers vs. 1.87 in 33 non-stone-formers. S. nigra lectin distinguishes normal from stone-forming kidneys Hofbauer 1998   Colonic mucin sialylation in colitis of Asians is different from Europeans in that there is less binding of Sambucus lectin. This might have a role in lower colorectal carcinoma rates in Asians McMahon 1997   Glycoprotein GP4S (Mr = 45 000), detected by Datura stramonium agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin, appeared in 96.7% of samples of the stressed group Barisic 1996   Sambucol reduced hemagglutination and inhibited replication of human influenza viruses in a double blind study Zakay-Rones 1995   SNA (S. nigra agglutinin) was unreactive with epithelial cells of all the 13 normal colon specimens, weakly reactive with 3 out of 8 benign lesions and positive for 23 out of 26 carcinomas Dall'Olio 1993   CA125 is adquate for screening ovarian cancer but adding mucin-specific lectin from Sambucus sieboldiana (SSAM) is useful in cervical and uterine cancers due to the low level of detection with CA125 Devine 1993 Observational Studies/Case Reports   A proprietary concentrate from Sambucus nigra L.-in its diluted preparation as part of a hypocaloric diet available in Switzerland-had no impact on urinary pH, urinary hydrogen ion concentrations or 24 h excretion. Walz 2008   A study on the binding of lectins from Artocarpus heterophyllus, Glycine max & Sambucus nigra with standardised quantity of IgA from IgA nephropathy patients & normal controls was performed and showed that O-linked oligosaccharide moieties of patients IgA1 were lacking in galactose & sialic acid. Hashim 2001   It is shown that monomeric IgA1 contains more sialic acid (SA) in Sj?n's syndrome patients than in controls, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot with Sambucus nigra agglutinin, a lectin specific for SA. Basset 2000   "Anthocyanins are detected in human plasma after oral administration of an elderberry extract " (no abstract) Cao 1999   A study on Haptoglobin glycoforms in a case of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome revealed alterations in beta subunit of CDGS haptoglobin (Hp) glycosylation in lectins (concanavalin A and Sambucus nigra, Maackia amurensis & Alleuria aurantia agglutinins). Ferens-Sieczkowska 1999   Reduced sialylation of glycoproteins in nasal glands of patients with chronic sinusitis is indicated by less Sambucus agglutinin binding. Expression of alpha2,6 sialyltransferase mRNA was decreased Ueno 1997 Traditional and Folk Use   Analysis of 42 ethnographic and botanical sources documenting the culinary use of wild plants shows that 15 folk species of fruits and seeds including Sambucus nigra is recorded. ?uczaj 2007   The list of wild edible plants which are still commonly gathered includes only two green vegetables, 15 folk species of fruits and seeds including Sambucus nigra, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. vitis-idaea and four taxa used for seasoning or as preservatives. ?uczaj 2007   The use of several species in the Navarre Pyrenees, that may be regarded as possible sources for pharmacological studies is reported such as the bark of Sambucus nigra, the roots of Fragaria vesca, or the leaves of Scrophularia nodosa. Akerreta 2007   A comparative food ethnobotanical study carried out in 21 local communities in Italy indicates that a few botanicals including Sambucus nigra were quoted and cited in multiple areas, demonstrating that there are ethnobotanical contact points among the various Italian regions. Ghirardini 2007   Review on complementary medicine for treating or preventing influenza or influenza-like illness indicates that 14 randomized controlled trials testing 7 preparations including P. quinquefolium extract, Sambucus nigra were included which showed some encouraging data. Guo 2007   Among 83 wild plants most commonly used for medicinal purposes, Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica, Achillea millefolium, Matricaria chamomilla, Sambucus nigra and Thymus serpyllum were particularly highly recommended by the majority of informants as being 'beneficial for all ailments'. Jari?007   This review of the common cold and influenza viruses, presents the conventional treatment options, and highlights select botanicals including Echinacea spp., Sambucus nigra, and nutritional considerations that may help in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. Roxas 2007   The article reviews the common cold and influenza viruses, presents the conventional treatment options, and highlights select botanicals including Echinacea spp., Sambucus nigra, and nutritional considerations that may help in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. Roxas 2007   A review of extracts which promote diuresis revealed number of species and genuses including Foeniculum vulgare, Fraxinus excelsior, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Petroselinum sativum and Spergularia purpurea,Cucumis, Equisetum, Lepidium, Phyllanthus and Sambucus with diuretic action. Wright 2007   European elderberry (Sambucus nigra), recognized in Europe for its health-promoting properties for many generations, is known to contain a range of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and other polyphenolics that contribute to the high antioxidant capacity of its berries. Thole 2006   [Monograph. Sambucus nigra (elderberry).] [No authors listed] 2005   The main botanical components of the herbal tea "Zahraa" in Damascus, which contains between 6 and 14 species components including Sambucus nigra was elucidated. Carmona 2005   Among the wild plants still used, Malva sylvestris, Urtica dioica, and Sambucus nigra are particularly highly considered, while major uses of plants concern these plants in addition to Allium sativum, Rubus ulmifolius, Parietaria diffusa, Cynodon dactylon, and Ficus carica. Guarrera 2005   Draining of brain abscesses through the use of elderberry stem capillaries by Erwin Payr in the late 19th century Kuhnel 1998   "Children of the elderberry bush (for Alex Comfort) " (no abstract) Walford 1998   Turkish folk medicines for inflammatory conditions which inhibit cytokines include S. nigra and S. ebulus flowers & leaves, Cistus leaves, Clematis herb, Crataegus orientalis roots, Daphne herb, Ecbalium roots, Rosa roots or Rubus roots Yesilada 1997   Tropical dermatophytes were inhibited by a number of Guatemalan folk remedies, including Sambucus mexicana, Byrsonima, Cassia, Diphysa, Gliricidia, Piscidia, Smilax, Solanum Caceres 1991   Gynaecological problems are treated with Sambucus racemosa by two elder Salishan women of southern Vancouver Island Turner 1990          The Dwarf Elder in Mrs. M. Grieve's A Modern Herbal          Sambucus at King's American Dispensatory          Elder-Flower Water at King's American Dispensatory          Wine of Elder at King's American Dispensatory          European ethnobotnical info at Liber Herbarum II SAFETY DATA   Adverse Effects & Toxicity   Nine patients with a history of summer hayfever were tested in a routine setting for sensitization to elderberry. The study concluded that Sambucus nigra harbours allergenic potency F?er-Waldl 2003   The lower cytotoxicity to mice of nigrin b, a lectin isolated from the bark of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), compared with ricin, was explained. Battelli 1997a   Purified galactose-specific lectin from S. nigra flowers at 2 mg/ml had mutagenic activity Lukash 1997 Interactions   A compact biosensor for a label-free, rapid detection of glycan-lectin interactions using ac impedance measurements was developed for the first time using a galactose-binding peanut agglutinin and sialic acid-binding Sambucus nigra agglutinin on the electrodes. La Belle 2007 Contraindications No Records   EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY   Animal Studies   Lectin binding profile of the small intestine of 5-week-old pigs given chlortetracycline as a growth promotant and under gnotobiotic conditions was studied. George 2007   The effects of dietary cyanidin-3-O-glucoside & concentrates from Ribes nigrum & Sambucus nigra on plasma & tissue concentrations of alpha- (alpha-T)& gamma-tocopherol(gamma-T) & cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of liver lipids were investigated in growing male Sprague-Dawley rats. Frank 2002   A study on distribution of sialoglycoconjugates(SGC)in rat cerebellum & its change with aging using 9 wks & 30-mth-old rats in combination with Maackia amurensis lectin & Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin revealed that these SGCs expressed in distinct regions & their patterns changed in aged brain. Sasaki 2002   Six lectins including Sambucus nigra agglutinin bound to muscular microvessels including arterioles, capillaries and venules of both chick and quail. Nanka 2001   Urine & sodium excretion were increased by Sambucus nigra & Orthosiphon stamineus in rats Beaux 1999   Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of S. ebulus rhizome extract at 200 mg/kg i.p. It was not reversed by naloxone (2 mg kg i.p.) so mechanism is not via opioid system. LD50 of the extract was 600 mg/kg Ahmadiani 1998   PTH-stimulated bone resorption was inhibited by an ethyl acetate fraction of S. sieboldiana stems. 50-100 mg/kg/d orally to ovariectomized rat prevented decreased bone mineral density. Vanillic acid may be the active component Li 1998   Liver lysosomal proteins from rats between 18 days of gestation and 72 weeks of age show age related increase of sialylation, indicated by Sambucus & Macckia lectin, and decreased fucosylation (Aleuria lectin) Litynska 1998   Biotinylated Sambucus sieboldiana lectin reveals sialic acids in the epididymal epithelium Ueda 1998   Sambucus lectin reveals increased levels of Neu5Ac alpha2,6Gal beta1,4GlcNAc on N-glycans in tumor-bearing transgenic mice Pousset 1997   SNA fed to rats binds the brush border of small intestines, retards growth and induced hyperplastic growth of their small intestine Pusztai 1990   Elder did not affect glucose measures in normal nor streptozotocin induced diabetes Swanston-Flatt 1989 Pharmacodynamics   Affinity chromatography of cell extracts on a Gal8-affinity column and binding experiments with plant lectins, Maakia Amurensis & Sambucus Nigra, revealed that alpha(3)beta(1), alpha(5)beta(1) & alpha(v)beta(1) integrins are major counterreceptors of Gal8 in trabecular meshwork cells. Diskin 2009   Glycoproteins remodeled with glycosyltransferases & glycosidases were used for testing specificities of lectins from number of plants including Sambucus nigra. The data generated complemented & expanded the existing knowledge about binding specificity of a range of commercially available lectins. Iskratsch 2009   Differential n-glycosylation of kallikrein 6 derived from ovarian cancer cells or the central nervous system was demonstrated using a Sambucus nigra agglutinin-monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA approach which showed that ovarian cancer-derived KLK6 was modified with 2-6 linked sialic acid. Kuzmanov 2009   The biotinylated lectins including Sambucus nigra bark lectin were used to assess differential glycosylation patterns which showed that high-throughput lectin glyco-antibody microarrays are a promising biomarker approach for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. Li 2009   Lectins such as Aleuria aurentia lectin, Sambucus nigra bark lectin, Maackia amurensis lectin II, Lens culinaris agglutinin, and Concanavalin A were used to detect different glycan structural units on the captured glycoproteins in a sandwich assay format. Li 2009   In cell lines from colon, breast, pancreas, and bladder cancer as well as in normal human and mice neutrophils, apoptosis is accompanied by the exposure of sugar chains recognized by the lectin from Sambucus nigra (SNA), specific for Sia alpha 2,6Gal/GalNAc structures. Malagolini 2009   Structural basis for sugar recognition, including the Tn carcinoma antigen, by the lectin SNA-II from Sambucus nigra reveals that although some oligomeric species are present, the monomeric species predominate in solution. Maveyraud 2009   Studies indicated reduced levels of sialic acid residues during apoptosis, elevated Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) reactivity might be due to the degradation of high molecular weight glycoproteins that masked the SNA-binding residues of the plasma membrane prior to apoptosis. Sahin 2009   To determine glycosylation changes, three different plant lectins namely peanut agglutinin, Maackia amurensis leucoagglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin were used. Balcan 2008   High-throughput screening assays performed in NeutrAvidin-coated microtiter plates show that Sambucus nigra Lectin binds to alpha2,6-linked sialosides with high promiscuity, human Siglec-2 is highly selective for a number of sialic acid structures & underlying glycans in its sialoside ligands. Chokhawala 2008   Glycoproteins remodeled with glycosyltransferases and glycosidases was used for testing specificities of lectins from 11 species including Sambucus nigra, Vicia villosa, and wheat germ as well as reactivities of anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Iskratsch 2008   Placental biopsies of Zambian women showed Neu5Ac(alpha2,6)Gal/GalNAc sequences bound by lectin from Sambucus nigra to have greatly increased expression on microvillous membranes in samples with chronic Plasmodium falciparum infection. Jones 2008   The lectin affinity preparation of glycopeptides with Sambucus nigra agglutinin and concanavalin A provides the glycan structure outlines for the sialyl linkage and the core structure of N-glycans. Kubota 2008   Using triple labeling with fluorochrome-conjugated markers Sambucus nigra agglutinin, DES or alphaSMA, & DNA-specific YoPro-1, a delicate filamentous, circumferentially oriented alphaSMA pattern in periendothelial cells of the mature CAM capillary plexus was reported. Kurz 2008   Using a Sambucus nigra agglutinin-monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA approach, it was shown that ovarian cancer-derived KLK6 was modified with 2-6 linked sialic acid. Kuzmanov 2008   The specificity and sensitivity of lectin binding were characterized using Sambucus nigra agglutinin and other lectins including Maackia amurensis lectin, concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin. Linman 2008   The interaction of hemagglutinin from human influenza virus, with the 4 lectin-based ligands, concanavalin, wheat germ agglutinin, Maackia amurensis lectin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin, showed a wide variation of affinity strengths. Mandenius 2008   Most lectins recognised structures present in both pre-sporogonic and sporogonic stages of enteric parasite Enteromyxum scophthalmi, though the glycosidic pattern and/or staining intensity varied between developmental stages. No staining was obtained with Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Redondo 2008   Study found reduced levels of sialic acid residues during apoptosis, elevated Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) reactivity might be due to degradation of high molecular weight glycoproteins (probably cadherin) that masked the SNA-binding residues of the plasma membrane prior to apoptosis. Sahin 2008   The expression of avian (AIV-Rs) & human influenza receptors (HuIV-Rs) is studied in various organs of two H5N1 cases & 14 control cases. Histochemical stains using biotinylated Maackia amurensis lectin II and Sambucus nigra agglutinin were performed to localize AIV-Rs & HuIV-Rs. Yao 2008   Review on an ethnobotanical and medical study carried out in the Navarre Pyrenees, shows the use of several species such as the bark of Sambucus nigra, the roots of Fragaria vesca, or the leaves of Scrophularia nodosa may be regarded as possible sources for pharmacological studies. Akerreta 2007   Vessel density of the control and angiotensinogen-treated areas was quantitated by using Sambucus nigra lectin, a specific endothelial cell marker. Brand 2007   Enzyme-linked-lectin assay was developed for analysis of serum transferrin sialylation. Antibodies oxidized in situ with periodate have been used to capture transferrin from serum samples. Sialic acid on transferrin has been detected with Sambucus nigra agglutinin lectin. Gornik 2007   Enzyme-linked-lectin assay was developed for the analysis of serum transferrin sialylation. Antibodies oxidized in situ with periodate were used to capture transferrin from serum samples. Sialic acid on transferrin was detected with Sambucus nigra agglutinin lectin. Gornik 2007   In glycoprotein & glycolipid fractions from quail & chicken colon epithelial cells, there were some bound components of Sia-Gal linkage-specific lectins, Maackia amurensis agglutinin & Sambucus nigra agglutinin, indicating both lectins are present in both cells. Guo 2007   Aberrant expression of SNA-positive sialoglycoconjugates in primary colorectal cancer tissues is important in terms of unfavorable pathological characteristics of the cancer. Inagaki 2007   Bark lectins from the elderberry plants belonging to the genus Sambucus specifically bind to Neu5Acalpha2,6Gal/GalNAc sequence and have long been used for the analysis of sialoglycoconjugates that play important roles in many biological phenomena. Kaku 2007   Analysis of surface-associated glycans in developmental stages of Myxobolus cerebralis shows no specificity for spores concerned with 'bisected'N-glycans, & no reactivity in parasitic stages with fucose-binding lectin Ulex europaeus, Sambucus nigra & Maackia amurensis agglutinins. Kaltner 2007   It was shown that Sambucus nigra lectin did not influence the frequency of apoptosis in the culture of human cells in contrast to the Lens culinaris and Persa fluviatilis lectins. [Article in Ukrainian] Kovalenko 2007   The detection of alpha2,3-linked and alpha2,6-linked sialic acid by lectin histochemistry was optimized by investigating the binding of Sambucus nigra agglutinin for SAalpha2,6Gal and Maackia amurensis agglutinin for SAalpha2,3Gal in the respiratory tract of normal adults and children. Nicholls 2007   Observation of age-related changes in the protein composition of normal human aortic valves and their glycosylation pattern shows identification of monosaccharide moieties or oligosaccharide units was performed with the use of 8 lectins of narrow specificity including Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Przyby?o 2007a   Relative amounts of sialic acid & fucose were analyzed by lectin-ELISA using appropriate sialic acid-linked alpha2-3 (Maackia amurensis) & alpha2-6 (Sambucus nigra) lectins as well as fucose-linked alpha1-6 (Aleuria aurantia), alpha1-2 (Ulex europaeus)& alpha1-3 (Tetragonolobus purpureus). Przybysz 2007   A high expression of sialylalpha2,6lactose in nerve cells was confirmed by means of Sambucus nigra lectin-cytochemistry. Reyes-Leyva 2007   Characterization using linkage-specific lectins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra revealed that Feline calicivirus recognized sialic acid with an alpha2,6 linkage. Stuart 2007   Very high levels of beta-Galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase activity result in high levels of Sambucus nigra reactivity and are associated with the expression of the H transcript in colon and liver cell lines, and of the X transcript in B cells. Dall'Olio 2006   Intestinal epitheliocytes of the Anatidae (Anseriformes) family was shown to have a low content of receptors binding both Sambucus nigra agglutinin lectin specific to Siaalpha-6Gal, and Maackia amurensis agglutinin lection specific to Siaalpha2-2Gal. [Article in Russian] Gambarian 2006   The ability of aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra) to inhibit the proinflammatory activity of major virulence factors from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was developed. Harokopakis 2006   Fibronectin concentrations were determined by ELISA using a specific monoclonal antibody. The degree of sialic acid linked to fibronectin glycans either by alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 isomeric linkage was estimated by lectin-fibronectin ELISA utilizing lectins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra. Katnik-Prastowska 2006   Oligosaccharide expression in living cells (cancer & reference ones) was studied with atomic force microscopy by using lectins as probes. The unbinding force obtained for same lectin type (Sambucus nigra) suggested slightly dissimilar structures of binding sites of same ligand type. Lekka 2006   Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors from human placental cell membranes were solubilized and their glycoprotein properties studied in terms of their interaction with 5 lectins including Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Masnikosa 2006   Bone marrow leukocytes from Siat1DeltaP1 are indistinguishable from those of wild-type mice in alpha2,6-sialylation, as revealed by the Sambucus nigra lectin, and in the expression of total ST6Gal-1 mRNA. Nasirikenari 2006   Crossed-affinity immunoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A was used to study AGP branching and lectin-ELISA with two agglutinins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra was applied to differentiate alpha2,3 and alpha2,6 type sialic acid attachments. Orczyk-Pawi?owicz 2006   Bioassay suggests that echinacea, propolis, elder (Sambucus nigra), mastic gum, marigold, sage, lavender, thyme, and chamomile may inhibit halitosis. Sterer 2006   The cell surface alpha2, 6-linked sialylation was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using lectin SNA (Sambucus nigra agglutinin specific to alpha2, 6-linked sialic acid on N-linked glycoprotein). [Article in Chinese] Wang 2006   Pretreatment of human brain endothelial cells with wheatgerm agglutinin, sialic acid, alpha(2,3)-neuraminidase or Maackia amurensis agglutinin that recognizes alpha(2,3)-, but not with Sambucus nigra agglutinin that recognizes alpha(2,6) sialylgalactosyl residues, reduced FC5 transcytosis. Abulrob 2005   During ethylene-promoted leaflet abscission in Sambucus nigra a 7-fold increase in expansin activity was detected specifically in tissues undergoing cell separation, while only low levels of activity were seen in adjacent non-abscising tissues. Belfield 2005   Histological analysis of conjunctival tissue from normal & keratoconjunctivitis sicca dogs showed presence of sialic acids, detected with alpha(2-6) sialic acid-specific lectin Sambucus nigra, in goblet cells & corresponding to staining pattern for MUC5AC, an ocular-secreted mucin gene product. Corfield 2005   The histochemistry of tooth germs from prenatal day 18.5 fetuses was revealed with lectins specific for sialic acid (Neu5Ac), such as Sambucus nigra, Maackia amurensis, and Machrobrachium rosenbergii, and for sialylated-O-glycosidically linked glycans, such as Amaranthus leucocarpus. Jim?z-Farf?2005   Human Endolyn recombinant proteins bound to lectins of Galanthus nivalis, Datura stramonium, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Maackia amurensis & peanut agglutinin, indicating the presence of high mannose & complex N-glycans, in addition to core 1 O-glycans & alpha2-3 & alpha2-6 sialic acid. Jorgensen-Tye 2005   The observed decrease in Sambucus nigra agglutinin reactivity to metastatic prostate cancer-associated prostate-specific antigen (PCa PSA) in comparison with PCa PSA from localized prostate cancer may be of interest in the monitoring of response to therapy and scoring of its metastatic potential. Kosanovi?005   In natural equine chorionic gonadotropin, complex-type N-glycans terminating with both Siaalpha2,3Gal (based on Maackia amurensis agglutinin binding) and Siaalpha2,6Gal (based on Sambucus nigra agglutinin binding) were found. Legardinier 2005   The biological activity of Sambucus nigra bark lectin on cell DNA (Chinese hamster cells) in vitro was investigated by comet-assay and cytotoxicity testing which showed Mitogenic properties at the concentrations 0.063-0.25 microg/ml. Macewicz 2005   The glycan moiety of feline alpha1-Acid glycoprotein was investigated by means of the binding of its oligosaccharides residues with specific lectins. Four lectins were used including Sambucus nigra. Pocacqua 2005   Fractionation of complex tri- and tetraantennary N-linked glycoforms from biantennary N-linked glycoforms bearing terminal sialic acid residues was achieved using a set of serial lectin columns with immobilized Sambucus nigra agglutinin and concanavalin A. Qiu 2005   The role of sialylation in carcinoma of the papilla of Vater, histochemical analyses were performed using sialic acid-binding lectins, Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Tang 2005   Preliminary screening of the antiviral activity of Parietaria diffusa, Sambucus nigra and Urtica dioica preparation against the feline immunodeficiency virus infection found early studies showed some of them presented antiviral activity against infection of FIV. Uncini Manganelli 2005   That apoptosis is associated with a marked decrease in cell surface sialylation was confirmed by using the sialic acid-specific lectins Maackia amurensis agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Batisse 2004   Sambucus nigra agglutinin I and Maackia amurensis agglutinin lectins were used to detect sialic acid residues, Aleuria aurantia lectin was used to detect L-fucose residues and Concanavalin A was used to evaluate the branching degree. Ceciliani 2004   Binding studies with Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Maackia amurensis agglutinin, and various Siglecs, showed the presence of both (alpha2 --> 6)- and (alpha2 --> 3)-linked sialic acids; their binding was reduced after sialidase pretreatment. Chava 2004   The expression of alpha2,3/6-N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) was assessed by plant lectins: Maackia amurensis agglutinin type 2 and Sambucus nigra agglutinin specific for alpha2,3NeuNAc and alpha2, 6NeuNAc, respectively. Chovanec 2004   The glycoprotein profiles of 7 choanomastigote-shaped trypanosomatids were analyzed by Western blotting using the lectins Limax flavus, Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis, which specifically recognize sialic acid residues. d'Avila-Levy 2004   By staining M cells with Sambucus nigra lectin, which specifically recognizes the NeuAcalpha2,6 Gal linkage of sialoprotein, it was also found that abundant receptors for the human influenza virus are present on the M cell surface. Fujimura 2004   The biofilm formed by the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strain 2019pgm mutant was studied with Maackia amurensis fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated and Sambucus nigra tetramethyl rhodamine isocyanate-conjugated lectins. Greiner 2004   In vivo, vascular endothelial growth factor induced elongation and migration of desmin-positive pericytes and coverage of angiogenic capillaries, as revealed by analysis of Sambucus nigra lectin-stained vascular beds of the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Hagedorn 2004   Anthocyanin extracts of 2 blueberries & of 3 other berries including Sambucus nigra (elderberry), were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Nakajima 2004   Maackia amurensis lectin II and Sambucus nigra lectin block Trypanosome trans-sialidase (TS) binding to TrkA-PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner with subsequent inhibition of TS colocalization with pTrkA. Woronowicz 2004   Binding with sialic acid-binding lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Maackia amurensis agglutinin, and Siglecs showed the presence of both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acids. Chatterjee 2003   The binding ratios of alkaline phosphatase from 9 normal liver tissues, 16 hepatoma tissues and 16 noncancerous tissues surrounding hepatoma were analysed by affinity chromatography on various lectin columns including Sambucus nigra bark agglutinin. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2003   Study finds chicken cells contain Neu5Ac alpha(2-6)Gal-terminated receptors recognized by Sambucus nigra lectin and by human viruses. Gambaryan 2003   The most representative and studied members of non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins are nigrin b present in the bark of the common (black) elder Sambucus nigra L. and ebulin 1 present in the leaves of the dwarf elder Sambucus ebulus L. Girbes 2003   Purified glycodelins from sources like secretory-phase endometrium, first-trimester pregnancy decidua, were similar in isoelectric focusing and in lectin immunoassays using lectins from Wisteria floribunda and Sambucus nigra. Koistinen 2003   alpha 2,3-linked sialic acids protect cells from crystal-binding. Much greater Sambucus nigra-lectin binding associated with only moderately increased crystal binding argues against alpha2,6-linked sialic acids as a main target structure of crystals. Kramer 2003   The glycosylation of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein was studied on reactivity with specific lectins by crossed affinity immuno-electrophoresis (concanavalin A), & by glycoprotein lectin immunosorbent assay (Maackia amurensis & Sambucus nigra lectins), as well as high pH anion-exchange chromatography. Kratz 2003   The alpha2,6-linkage was confirmed by the increase of Sambucus nigra agglutinin-lectin binding to the cell surface of CHO transfected with the cDNA encoding ST6Gal II and by specific sialidases treatment. Krzewinski-Recchi 2003   Reduced Sambucus nigra agglutinin binding to glycoproteins isolated from cells with increased galactose-1-phosphate is consistent with the resultant inhibition of glycoprotein glycosylation. Lai 2003   Histochemistry and blotting using Polyporus squamosus and Sambucus nigra lectins for alpha2,6-linked sialic acids and the Maackia amurensis lectin for alpha2,3-linked sialic acids were performed and sialyltransferase activity was assayed. Zuber 2003   Energy-dependent mechanisms were only observed in Sambucus nigra agglutinin - poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) particles. Finally, the decrease in association in the presence of lactose demonstrates that both SNA- and SNA-conjugate-binding was due to a true lectin-sugar interaction. Arb?002   Study describes the bioadhesive properties of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles fluorescently-labelled with rhodamine B isothiocyanate, and coated with either Sambucus nigra lectin or bovine serum albumin. Arb?002   [Effects of sialic acid substitutions on recognition by Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis hemagglutinin.] Brinkman-Van der Linden 2002   12 necroptic lung specimens from fetuses from 15th week to neonate were analyzed. Sections were stained using 3 lectins specific for sialic acid (SA) including Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Changes in expression of specific SA served as a marker of the degree of maturity of fetus. Cern?002   The positive reaction of N-cadherin from the WM35 cell line with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin indicated the presence of high-mannose type glycans and biantennary complex type oligosaccharides with alpha2-6 linked sialic acid. Cio?czyk-Wierzbicka 2002   The protein and glycoprotein content of 4 different neutral or acidic solvent extracts from the mineralized exoskeleton of a decapod crustacean were characterized by quantitative analysis of proteins, SDS-PAGE analysis, and probing with lectins including Sambucus nigra agglutinin on blots. Comp? 2002   Sambucus nigra agglutinin labeling demonstrated age-dependent diminished sialyl alpha2,6 glycoconjugate expression in goblet cells in the small (but not large) intestine in rats, but no such regional specificity was apparent in microvillus membrane. Dai 2002   The outermost phellems of Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Betula potaninii L.C. Hue and Sambucus nigra L. have been isolated enzymatically, resulting in membranes with five to seven heavily suberized cork cell layers. Groh 2002   Three lectins specific for sialic acids were used for the histochemical analysis of surgical specimens of the thyroid gland including Sambucus nigra agglutinin that stains sialic acids with alpha2,6 linkage. Janega 2002   Early pregnancy associated protein-1(Epap-1) was isolated and purified using Sambucus nigra agarose lectin affinity chromatography. Epap-1 strongly inhibits HIV-1(MN), HIV-1(91US056), HIV-1(VB-7) replication in vitro while it exhibits low activity with HIV-1(VB-66) strain. Kondapi 2002   Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins, known to be useful prognostic markers in several other adenocarcinomas, a panel of lectins including Maackia amurenis & Sambucus nigra agglutinin with different carbohydrate-binding specificities were tested for their prognostic relevance. Laack 2002   Four lectin-binding assays were used to study the sialylation and the presence of terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine in the O-linked carbohydrate moieties of kappa- or lambda-IgA1. Sambucus nigra agglutinin lectin found to recognize alpha(2,6)-linked sialic acid. Leung 2002   Sense transfectants showed an enhanced ST6Gal-I mRNA expression and enzyme activity and an increased binding of the lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin, specific for alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid. Lin 2002   For lectin staining with Aleuria aurantia, Canavalia ensiformis, Galanthus nivalis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arachis hypogea, Sambucus nigra, and Triticum vulgaris, assessment of staining on a scale from 0 (no staining) to 5 (strong staining) was performed blindly. Maffulli 2002   Fibronectin was identified by its specific binding of fluorescent peanut agglutinin and sialylated beta 1-integrin by its binding of Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Praetorius 2002   N-oligosaccharides were analysed by specific reaction with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Maackia amurensis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, Aleuria aurantia agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin. Przybylo 2002   Six different lectin probes including Sambucus nigra agglutinin were used to examine alterations of the cell surface carbohydrates in chinchilla tracheal epithelium incubated in vitro with S. pneumoniae deltaNA1, a neuraminidase-deficient mutant, or its D39 parent strain. Tong 2002   A significant decreased labeling with Sambucus nigra agglutinin in the combined influenza A virus and pneumococcus infection cohort suggested there were few sialic acid residues remaining in the ET epithelium. Tong 2002a   The affinity of Psathyrella velutina mushroom to fetuin was measured by surface plasmon resonance to be 10(7) m(-1), which is an order of magnitude higher than those of Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis mitogen. Ueda 2002   The amounts of sialic acids were measured using fluorescein-conjugated Sambucus nigra agglutinin specific for alpha2,6-sialic acids and fluorescein-conjugated Maackia Amurensis agglutinin specific for alpha2,3-sialic acids. Wang 2002   In addition to its antiviral properties, Sambucol Elderberry Extract and its formulations activate the healthy immune system by increasing inflammatory cytokine production. Barak 2001   Lectins & agglutins from Maackia amurensis & Sambucus nigra bound only to some androgen-independent Noble rat prostatic carcinoma line tumor cells but not to dysplastic epithelium, indicating that alpha / betaGal and sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates are expressed by neoplastic prostatic cells. Chan 2001   A discrepancy was observed between the ST6Gal.I level within a colon cancer sample or cell line and the respective level of reactivity with the alpha 2,6-sialyl-specific lectin from Sambucus nigra. Dall'Olio 2001   Analysis of site-directed mutants showed that alanine or serine mutants of invariant Cys(181) or Cys(332) exhibited no detectable activity, either by direct assay or by staining of cells with Sambucus nigra agglutinin, which recognizes the product NeuAcalpha2, 6Galbeta1,4GlcNAc on glycoproteins. Datta 2001   The NeuAc-alpha2-6Gal-R-specific lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) immobilized to the carboxymethyl dextran surface of a BIAcore sensor chip was used to detect and measure the formation of the NeuAc-alpha2-6Gal-R moieties. Halliday 2001   It was found that among the lectins tested only wheat germ agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin showed a significant difference in reactivity to the 350 kDa glycoproteins between species. Hirohashi 2001   In lectin-binding assay, a new tumor-associated SC142-reactive antigen reacted only with wheat germ agglutinin but not with Ricinus communis agglutinin, Datura stramonium agglutinin, and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Hong 2001   The glycoprotein pattern of the WM35 line differed from that of the other cell lines in having less proteins that reacted with Sambucus nigra, Maackia amurensis and Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinins. Lity? 2001   It has been shown that peanut agglutinin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Ulex europeus agglutinin-I, anti-LeX, anti-LeY, and anti-Le(b) antibodies bound to the parental colon 38 cells but not to SL4 cells. Nemoto-Sasaki 2001   Linkage of terminal sialic acid on the blotted mucins was determined using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (detects the 2-->6 linkage) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (the 2-->3 linkage). Shori 2001   The lectin from the mushroom Polysporus squamosus should be a superior reagent to the lectin from Sambucus nigra, which does not discriminate between alpha2,6-linked NeuAc5 present either in asparagine- or serine / threonine-linked oligosaccharides. Toma 2001   6 different lectin probes including Sambucus nigra agglutinin were used to examine alterations of cell surface carbohydrates in chinchilla eustachian tube lumen subsequent to the intranasal challenge with the Streptococcus pneumoniae parent strain, D39, or its isogenic derivative, DeltaNA1. Tong 2001   The jacalin high-affinity fraction, mostly constituted by macromolecular IgA1, was more abundant in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients than in controls and also more reactive to Sambucus nigra, and Maackia amurensis lectins. V?uez-Moreno 2001   Two sialic acid-specific lectins, Maackia amurensis agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin, exhibited negligible binding to A. fumigatus conidia indicating that 2,3-alpha- and 2,6-alpha-linked sialic acids are not the major structures found on the conidial surface. Wasylnka 2001   Expression of terminal alpha 2,6- and alpha 2,3-linked sialic acids, and unmasked N-acetyllactosamine oligosaccharides, respectively, was assessed using flow cytometry and fluoresceinated Sambucus nigra, Maackia amurensis and Erythrina cristagalli lectins. Zhu 2001   Levels of exposed terminal IgG sugars, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acid, were estimated in a lectin binding assay using Ricinis (communis, Bandeiraea simplicifolia II, and Sambucus nigra, respectively. Alavi 2000   The deposition of cytidine 5' monophosphate sialic acid (SA) by sialyltransferase from B cells onto IgA was detected by two ELISA based upon the use of biotinylated lectins (Sambucus nigra agglutinin which is specific for alpha2-6 SA and Maackia amurensis which is specific for alpha2-3 SA). Basset 2000   Ricinus communis I and Sambucus nigra lectins did not bind to the cells in the epithelium but strongly interacted with the subepithelial layers, especially the lamina propria. Buckley 2000   Colon cancer tissues display an increased activity of beta-galactoside alpha2,6 sialyltransferase and an increased reactivity with the lectin from Sambucus nigra, specific for alpha2,6-sialyl-linkages. Dall'Olio 2000   The expression of different sialoglycoconjugates and fucoglycoconjugates in normal mucosa and adenocarcinoma samples from 43 colorectal cancer patients was investigated by using specific lectins including Sambucus nigra lectins and applying a semiquantitative analysis. Fern?ez-Rodr?ez 2000   The effect of alpha-NeuAc(2-->6)Gal/GalNAc-specific lectin from Sambucus nigra on the release of lysozyme from human neutrophils was studied in vitro which showed that thiol-dependent signaling systems are apparently involved in the realization of the SNA-induced degranulation. Gorudko 2000   The presence of insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity was demonstrated in vitro in the traditional antidiabetic plant, Sambucus nigra. Gray 2000   Glycohistochemical characteristics of nasal polyps from patients with and without cystic fibrosis were identified by means of 8 histochemical probes, with 5 plant lectins including Sambucus nigra agglutinins in a series of 61 nasal mucosa specimens. Hassid 2000   The FACS data seen with fluorescent lectins showed a higher binding of Sambucus nigra agglutinin, which identifies sialic acid attached to terminal galactose in -2.6 or -2.3 linkage, in metastatic than in primary tumor cells. Kaptzan 2000   Among the 10 different biotinylated lectins, six including Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis II bound clearly to the mucin of distinct regions and layers of the Sprague-Dawley rat stomach in agreement with the results of an enzyme-linked lectin binding assay. Kodaira 2000   In a study conducted with endothelial cells in rat brain, retina and myocardium showed substantial sialic acid expression, with Maackia amurensis labelling sialic acid in an alpha2-3 linkage to beta-galactose and Sambucus nigra recognising sialic acid in an alpha2-6 linkage to beta-galactose. Lawrenson 2000   The occurrence of sialic acid in alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-linkage to galactose in bovine UPIII glycans as evidenced by the colocalization of UPIII antigen and material detected by lectins of Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis on the luminal face of the bladder was reported. Malagolini 2000   In Candida albicans N-acetyl-neuraminic acids are alpha2,6- and alpha2,3-linked as indicated by yeast binding to Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin. Soares 2000   Binding studies with lectins derived from Maackia Amurensis II and Sambucus Nigra demonstrated that the cells expressed terminal sialic acids attached to penultimate galactose through alpha 2,3 and alpha 2,6 bonds at different stages of epithelial development. Verkoelen 2000   The changes in the sialylation pattern in thymus sections from normal and dexamethasone treated mice was evaluated using sialic acid specific lectins, such as Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA, NeuAcalpha2,6-Gal specific) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA, NeuAcalpha2,3-Gal specific). Alvarez 1999   The glycoconjugate expressions were demonstrated for 5 lectins, namely, Arachis hypogaea, Dolichos biflorus, Amaranthus caudatus, Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra. The glycoconjugates demonstrated by these 5 lectins belong to the family of the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigens. Bronckart 1999   The lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin, specific for alpha2,6 linked sialylation, and terminal galactose respectively were used to study the occurrence, linkage and distribution of human immunoglobulin G sialylation. Dalziel 1999   Crithidia fasciculata (trypanosome parasite) cell-surface sialoglycoconjugates have SAalpha2,6Gal and SAalpha2,3Gal linkages do Valle Matta 1999   Dietary lectins from beans & S. nigra increase human basophil secretion of IL-4, IL-13 & histamine Haas 1999   As a model study, the sialic acid binding lectins from Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis, which are specific for the epitopes Neu5Ac(alpha2-6)Gal and Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal, respectively, were chosen as suitable candidates. Haseley 1999   Detection by the lectins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra of 3- and 6-linked sialic acid in gangliosides with neolacto chains separated on thin-layer chromatograms and blotted to PVDF membranes. Johansson 1999   The sialic acid dependent binding by Helicobacter pylori (HP) to polyglycosylceramides of human RBC was investigated applying TLC binding assays using lectins of Sambucus nigra which showed that Neu5Acalpha3Gal is part of HP binding epitope in polyglycosyl-ceramides of human RBC. Johansson 1999   The sialylated mucus components of the normal gastric mucosa and mucous gel layer of rats were studied by using various histochemical staining methods including Maackia amurensis II and Sambucus nigra lectins, alcian blue pH 2.5 -- periodic acid Schiff and high iron diamine -- AB pH 2.5. Kodaira 1999   A study conducted on Sialoforms of dipeptidylpeptidase IV from rat kidney and liver showed that the native enzyme was predominantly sialylated via alpha 2, 6-linkage, as shown by lectin affinity blotting employing Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin. Schmauser 1999   The glycosylation pattern of S-fimbriae from Escherichia coli was investigated using the lectins Sambucus nigra, Maackia amurensis, Galanthus nivalis, and Arachis hypogaea which showed that S-fimbriae from Escherichia coli bind to soluble glycoproteins from human milk. Schwertmann 1999   The alpha2-6 & alpha2-3 sialylation of E-cadherin was investigated by immuno-blot using Sambucus nigra agglutinin & Maackia amurensis agglutinin which showed that Sialylation of E-cadherin does not change the spontaneous or ET-18-OMe-mediated aggregation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Steelant 1999   Sambucus nigra lectin binding, of which the specificity was confirmed by blocking with N-acetylneuraminyl-lactose, demonstrated the abundant presence of (alpha2,6)-linked sialic acid residues at the cell surface of both subconfluent and confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney-I cultures. Verkoelen 1999   To examine the morphologic and functional changes associated with cleft formation in mice following exposure during shelf outgrowth, serial sections of embryos were either stained with H&E, with a battery of lectins [Sambucus nigra, Arachis hypogaea, Ricinus communis (RCA-1), Glycine max. Degitz 1998   Only minor effects were found for sialic acid, mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and fucose expression, as evidenced by the linkage of Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Concanavalin A, Datura stramonium agglutinin and Ulex europaeus I agglutinin. Enss 1998   The gangliosides were analyzed by direct desorption from the membrane and fast atom bombardment MS, by membrane-binding assay using the NeuAcalpha3- and NeuAcalpha6-specific lectins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra, respectively, and by TLC binding assay with radiolabeled bacteria. Johansson 1998   Western blots of prosaposin isolated from seminiferous tubular fluids followed by glycan analysis with Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin, revealed that this protein has sialic acid residues that are terminally linked to galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine. Morales 1998   In Western blot analysis 11 MAA-binding protein bands with molecular weights ranging from 54 to 215 kDa were identified, while SNA only bound to one protein band of 67 kDa. MAA and SNA are specific for alpha(2-->3)- and alpha(2-->6)-linked sialic acid residues, respectively. Myllyharju 1998   Phosphorylation of a p130 protein associated with xenotransplantation reaction is induced by Sambucus lectin Palmetshofer 1998   Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast sialic acid linkages to galactose are alpha 2,6 and alpha 2,3 as assessed by Sambucus & Maackia lectin binding Soares 1998   During HL-60 cell line differentiation, cell surface levels of alpha2,6-sialic acids expression decreased, as measured by flow cytometric analysis using Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Taniguchi 1998   Using sialic acid-galactose binding lectins as probes in an ELISA format, six of the eight LOS immunotypes in Groups B and C bound specifically to Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin, but not to Sambucus nigra agglutinin, which binds NeuNAcalpha2-6Gal sequence. Tsai 1998   To investigate differences in the distribution of sialoglycoproteins as a terminal sugar & in the composition of the penultimate sugar according to aging in murine nasal respiratory& olfactory mucosa, the serial sections were stained with Maackia amurensis agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin. Yoon 1998   Lectins from Momordica, Abrus, Sambucus & Maackia are used to identify glycohistochemically the microglial cells from Alzheimer's brain samples Zambenedetti 1998   Lectins from Iris hybrid & a new lectin-related protein from Sambucus nigra inhibited protein synthesis by a cell-free system & at much higher concentrations, by cells and had polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity, thus behaving like non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins. Battelli 1997   Myocardial sialic acids are increased (Sambucus & Maackia lectin binding) in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic heart disease. Elevated serum sialic acids are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality Crook 1997   Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of erythrocytes was carried out using linkage-specific lectins [Sambucus nigra agglutinin for sialic acid (SA) alpha2,6Gal and Maackia amurensis agglutinin for SA alpha2,3Gal]. Ito 1997   Using SA-Gal linkage-specific lectins (Maackia amurensis agglutinin specific for SA alpha2,6Gal and Sambucus nigra agglutinin specific for SA alpha2,3Gal), it was found SA alpha2,3Gal in both allantoic and amniotic cells and SA alpha2,6Gal in only the amniotic cells. Ito 1997a   Carbohydrate characterization using Maackia amurensis agglutinin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Peanut agglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin and Datura stramonium agglutinin showed presence of both N-linked and O-linked sugar moieties such as mannose, glucose, galactose and N-acetyl glucosamine. Madan 1997   It is shown that the sialoglycoprotein reacted with lectins of Ulex europeus, Arachis hypogaea, Maclura pomifera, Canavalia ensiformis, Ricinus communis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sambucus nigra and Sophora japonica. Ohyama 1997   Human fetal liver begins to bind Sambucus lectin in the 6-9th gestational week Quondamatteo 1997   The O-linked oligosaccharides of serum IgA1 from 28 children with acute HSP and 26 control children were examined by enzyme immunoassay using plant lectins like Sambucus nigra with well defined carbohydrate binding specificities. Saulsbury 1997   Lectin blot analysis using the Sambucus nigra agglutinin lectin also indicated differences in protein glycosylation when HUVEC were incubated with IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha compared to TNF-alpha alone. Strindhall 1997   Sambucus nigra agglutinin (Agn), Tetragonolobus purpureas Agn, Triticum vulgaris Agn, and Erythrina cristagalli Agn failed to recognize cathepsin D, from normal human breast tissue suggesting a lack of lectin-available sialic acid, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and galactose residues, respectively. Wright 1997   Three sialic acid-specific lectins, Tritrichomonas mobilensis (without linkage preference), Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin (alpha2,3) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (alpha2,6 linkage-specific), were used for detection of sialylated glycoconjugates in normal and diseased human kidneys. Babal 1996   Nine lectins including Sambucus nigra and three antibodies directed against ABO blood-group antigens in morphological and Western-blot experiments were used to investigate the source of secretory products of human large airways. Bals 1996   Lectin binding assays showed that both the 116 kDa and 50 kDa proteins were recognised by concanavalin agglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, Sambucus nigra bark agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin, suggesting that these polypeptides are N-linked glycoproteins. Bonsignorio 1996   No significant difference could be found in the phagocytosis rate by porcine blood monocytes of avirulent strain 90-1330 and strain 89-1591 treated with sialidase or the sialic acid-binding lectin from Sambucus nigra. Charland 1996   Consistent with the differentiation-dependent increase in alpha 2,6ST-mRNA expression, an elevation of the reactivity with Sambucus nigra agglutinin of differentiated CaCo-2 cell-surface was observed, indicating an enhanced alpha 2,6-sialylation of membrane glycoconjugates. Dall'Olio 1996   Biotinylated lectins from Sambucus nigra and Maackia amurensis, which bind to alpha 2,6-linked and alpha 2,3-linked sialyl residues, respectively, were used as probes to study glycan terminal modifications associated with decidualization in the uterine stroma of pregnant rats and mice. Jones 1996   Meningiomas, chordomas and craniopharyngiomas frequently expressed alpha 2,6-ST and alpha 2,6-linked sialoglycoconjugates (Sambucus agglutinin) whereas all tumors of glial origin and medulloblastomas were virtually devoid of them Kaneko 1996   Enzyme-linked lectin assays were developed for detecting the glycosylation on human IgG. Biotinylated Sambucus nigra, Ricinus communis agglutinin I and Bandeiraea simplicifolia II were used to detect the terminal sialic acid, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine sugar residues, on the captured IgG. Keusch 1996   Lectin binding studies indicate that, unlike glycodelin-A (a human amniotic fluid-derived glycoprotein), glycodelin-S (purified seminal plasma glycodelin) does not manifest any affinity for lectins from Wisteria floribunda or Sambucus nigra. Koistinen 1996   The surface glycans of beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient (Tn+) and normal (TF+) T-lymphocyte clones from patient with Tn-syndrome were analysed by flow cytometry using sialic acid-binding lectins of Sambucus nigra. Mrkoci 1996   To delineate an influence of cell-surface protein-carbohydrate interactions by exogenous lectins, the impact of cell binding was analyzed for several plant lectins, namely concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, the lectins from Triticum vulgaris and from Sambucus nigra. Timoshenko 1996   Some Streptococcus strains agglutinated with SNA (Sambucus nigra agglutinin) Charland 1995   Nuclear protein transport in neuroblastoma cells is inhibited by SNA (S. nigra agglutinin). SNA binds to a 66 kD nucleoporin like protein Emig 1995   Serum alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor is less branched and contained more alpha 2-6 sialic acid (SNA detection) in women with breast or ovarian cancer vs. healthy women Goodarzi 1995   Respiratory syncytial virus was inhibited by non-cytotoxic concentrations of Sambucus racemosa branch tip extract or Oplopanax horridus inner bark extract McCutcheon 1995   Human neutrophils are aggregated by SNA in vitro Timoshenko 1995   Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE of glioma and meningioma proteins, followed by Sambucus nigra lectin staining, revealed the presence of a glycoprotein bearing alpha 2,6-linked sialic acids, M(r) = 53 kDa and a pI = 7.0 (MEN-1) that appeared in all seven of the meningiomas examined. Yamamoto 1995   Enterobacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella) are inhibited by Byrsonima, Diphysa, Gnaphalium, Guazuma, Psidium guajava, Sambucus mexicana, Simarouba, Smilax lundelii, Spondias & Tagetes lucida Caceres 1990   "Antihepatotoxic principles of Sambucus formosana " (no abstract) Lin 1988   "Routine use of anti-H of Sambucus ebulus L. on the Groupamatic 360 and Groupamatic 2000 " (French, no abstract) Soustelle 1985 Analytical Chemistry   Combinatorial Chemoenzymatic Synthesis & High-Throughput Screening of Sialosides was developed for efficient synthesis of biotinylated sialosides containing different sialic acid structures & glycans in 96-well plates from biotinylated sialyl-transferase acceptors & sialic acid precursors. Chokhawala 2008   The lectin affinity preparation of glycopeptides with Sambucus nigra agglutinin and concanavalin A provides the glycan structure outlines for the sialyl linkage and the core structure of N-glycans. Such structural estimation was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS and MALDI-QIT-TOF MS/MS. Kubota 2008   The three-dimensional X-ray structure of a galactose (Gal)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific lectin from bark of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) was determined in two distinct crystal forms, hexagonal and tetragonal, at 1.90 A and 1.35 A, respectively. Maveyraud 2008   Roots from Angelica archangelica, fruits of Cassia angustifolia, C. senna, Coriandrum sativum, leaves from Hedera helix, flowers from Lavandula sp. and from Sambucus nigra were found to contain high amounts (1 to 11 microg/g) of mixtures of the different amides 1 to 12. Hensel 2007   N-glycans of recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase expressed in the milk of transgenic rabbits was fractionated and purified into individual components by a combination of anion-exchange, normal-phase, and Sambucus nigra agglutinin-affinity chromatography. Jongen 2007   Isolation of lectins from extracts of the Sambucus nigra inflorescences and of pollen material have been performed using isoelectric focusing without carrier ampholytes. [Article in Ukrainian] Karpova 2007   Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and chlorogenic acid were detected and identified in the bark of Sambucus nigra using TLC, HPLC, ESI-TOF MS and 1H-NMR. Turek 2007   The concentrations of rutin in Sambucus nigra and caffeine in tea and coffee, estimated by means of one-cycle pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) are almost the same as their concentrations estimated by multiple PLE. Dawidowicz 2005   The analytical merits of Canavalia ensiformis and Sambucus nigra lectins, [immobilized on activated macroporous silica], such as binding capacity, trapping reproducibility, and substrate selectivity, have been evaluated using model glycoproteins. Madera 2005   A lectin column prepared from Sambucus nigra agglutinin was used to select and compare the concentration of sialic acid containing glycopeptides. The relative standard deviation in quantification using this method was 4%. Qiu 2005   Conidium and mycelium whole cells were recognized by Limax flavus, Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra lectins, denoting the presence of surface sialoglycoconjugates containing alpha 2,3- and alpha 2,6-sialylgalactosyl sequences. Alviano 2004   Study of the content of cadmium & zinc in the elder (Sambucus nigra) & lime tree collected from 4 different localities in Czech Republic found that content of both zinc & cadmium in both specimens depend on the localities of the original of plants. [Article in Czech] Celechovsk?004   Anthocyanins & proanthocyanidins were characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS coupled with diode array & fluorescent detector in 7 cultivars of Ribes nigrum (black currant) & Ribes rubrum (red currant), & 6 of Ribes grossularia (gooseberries), Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry), & Sambucus nigra. Wu 2004   Two natural cyanohydrins, isolated from Sambucus nigra, have been synthesised from mandelonitrile and penta-O-acetyl-beta-galactopyranose. Dellagreca 2003   Interaction of individual glycophorin A samples with 3 lectins including Sambucus nigra I agglutinin was analyzed using a BIAcore biosensor equipped with a surface plasmon resonance detector. Krotkiewska 2002   The captured glycoprotein from cell culture supernatant was analyzed for its content of carbohydrate epitopes using three different lectins: Aleuria aurantia lectin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Triticum vulgaris agglutinin. Liljeblad 2002   Twenty-four aromatic metabolites belonging to cyanogenins, lignans, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides were obtained from Sambucus nigra. Structures were determined on the basis of their spectroscopic features. D'Abrosca 2001   The nonsaponifiable components (hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols, and sterols) of the pollen of the elder (Sambucus nigra L.) were examined in detail using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods (IR spectroscopy, GC, and GC-MS). Str?ky 2001   Aroma compounds emitted from the elder flower (Sambucus nigra) syrup were collected by the dynamic headspace technique and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. J?sen 2000   From 4 known anthocyanins present in elderberry (Sambucus nigra), 2 main components could be analyzed quantitatively using a restricted access phase and a column switching set-up enabling their analysis in blood with an observed maximum concentration as (35 mg/mL) after 1 h. Murkovic 2000   Cytochemical analysis of larval sections with lectins from Sambucus nigra and Limax flavus suggest the presence of sialic acids in the concrement vacuoles of the Malpighian tubules. Malykh 1999   Computer-assisted microscopy was employed to quantify the percentage of positive structures, the staining intensity, and the heterogeneity for the 4 biotinylated plant lectins: Tritricum vulgaris, Maackia amurensis, Sambucus nigra and Canavalia ensiformis. Penaloza 1999   A gene encoding a hevein-like chitin-binding protein from mature black elderberry fruits is homologous to PR-4 and class V chitinase genes Van Damme 1999   Fresh fruit contains (mg/100g): 361-1266 cyanidin-3-glucoside, 269 -656 cyanidin-3-sambubioside, 6-25 vitamin , 29-60 quercetin. Adding vitamin C reduced the oxidative degradation rate of the anthocyanins Kaack 1998   Fruit lectin is 10 amino acid residues longer than the bark lectin Peumans 1998   The position of the sulphate on C-6 of galactose was elucidated by Smith periodate oxidation, hydrazine/nitrous acid/NaBH4 treatment and elder (Sambucus nigra) bark lectin chromatography of the desialylated [35S]sulphate-labelled products of the enzyme. Spiro 1998   The position of the sulphate on C-6 of galactose was elucidated by Smith periodate oxidation, hydrazine/ nitrous acid/NaBH4 treatment and elder (Sambucus nigra) bark lectin chromatography of the desialylated [35S]sulphate-labelled products of the enzyme. Spiro 1998   A novel, strongly basic, two-chain ribosome-inactivating protein with an apparent Mr of 64000 by SDS-PAGE and 63469 by mass spectrometry analysis, and named basic nigrin b, has been found in the bark of elder (Sambucus nigra L.). de Benito 1997   "A simple method for the purification of type 1 RIPs " (no abstract) Marcozzi 1997   The alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid of colon cancer which is recognized by Sambucus lectin is distinct from that of sialyl-Tn antigen Murayama 1997   Sieboldin-b (type II RIP from S. sieboldiana bark) consists of 27- and 33-kDa subunits, is homologous with Neu5Ac(alpha 2-6)Gal/GalNAc lectin but binds to Gal/GalNAc, similar to ricin/abrin Rojo 1997   The sialic acid-specific lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin and the galactose-specific lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin revealed a complex pattern of alterations in glycoprotein glycosylation after crystalline silica or manganese dioxide treatments. Trabelsi 1997   A second NeuAc(alpha2,6)Gal/GalNAc binding type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), called SNAI' has been isolated from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) bark. Van Damme 1997   The major protein of elder fruit is a lectin, called Sambucus nigra agglutinin IVf or SNAIVf, which is homologous to type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) Van Damme 1997   In the case of Sambucus nigra agglutinin reactive to terminal sialic acid or Ricinus communis agglutinin preferring terminal beta-linked galactose, femtomole levels of oligosaccharides could be detected using surface plasmon resonance. Blikstad 1996   "A non-toxic two-chain ribosome-inactivating protein co-exists with a structure-related monomeric lectin (SNA III) in elder (Sambucus nigra) fruits " (no abstract) Girbes 1996   Elder (Sambucus nigra L.)-fruit lectin (SNA-IV) occurs in monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric isoforms. Mach 1996   The major alpha 2-6 sialoglycoproteins in detergent-extracts of Kurloff cells were purified by anion-exchange and Sambucus nigra agglutinin-affinity chromatographies. Taouji 1996   A metallothionein-like protein from a cDNA library of S. nigra leaflets binds heavy metals Coupe 1995   Single chain (type 1) RIP, ebulitins) in S. eulus mature leaves de Benito 1995   Acylated anthocyanins in Sambucus canadensis fruits Nakatani 1995   A beta-1,4-glucanase-like protein from a cDNA library of S. nigra leaflets Taylor 1994   Nigrin (a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein) from S. nigra bark consists of two subunits, 26 & 32 kd, linked by disulfide bridges. Nigrin b is an rRNA N-glycosidase with homology to anti-HIV-1 proteins TAP 29 and trichosanthin Girbes 1993   Separation of flavonol-2-O-glycosides from Calendula officinalis and Sambucus nigra by RP-HPLC eluted with 2-propanol & tetrahydrofuran on C8 Aquapore RP 300 columns Pietta 1992   Cyanidin- anthocyanin glycosides in Sambucus canadensis fruits Johansen 1991   "Presence of isorhamnetin 3-glucoside and 3-rutinoside in Sambucus nigra L. flowers " (French, no abstract) Lamaison 1991   SNA-III from S. nigra seeds is a dimer of two 33 kD proteins Peumans 1991   "Triterpenoids and steroids from the leaves of Sambucus formosana Nakai " (no abstract) Lin 1986   "Changes in free and protein-bound amino acids in elderberry fruit (Sambucus nigra) during maturation " (no abstract) Kunsch 1978   Ferredoxin was isolated in good yield from leaves of Sambucus racemosa Altosaar 1977   "The amino-acid sequence of plastocyanin from Sambucus nigra " (no abstract) Scawen 1974   "A hydroxysteroid ketone in the radix of Sambucus ebulus L " (German, no abstract) Tunmann 1974   "Studies on the constituents of Sambucus species II. Constituents of the leaves of Sambucus sieboldiana Blume, ex Graebn. var. Miquelii (Nakai) Hara " (Japanese, no abstract) Inoue 1973   "Cyanogenic glucosides in Sambucus nigra L " (no abstract) Jensen 1973   "Studies on the components of Sambucus Sieboldiana Blume. II. On the methanolic extract of leaves of Sambucus Sieboldiana Blume " (Japanese, no abstract) Yagi 1970   "The determination of rutin and quercetin in selected galenic preparations of Sambucus nigra flowers " (Polish, no abstract) Kolodynska 1967   "A quantitative estimation of valeric acid and tannins in some galenic preparations of the bark of Sambucus nigra " (Polish, no abstract) Kolodynska 1966          Constituents of Sambucus nigra at Michael Moore's          Sambucus nigra in PhytochemDB Pharmacokinetics (ADME)   Pharmacokinetic variables of several dietary anthocyanins (potent natural antioxidants) following consumption of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract were evaluated in urine and plasma of six healthy volunteers. Frank 2007 Genetics & Molecular Biology   Affinity chromatography on a Gal8-affinity column with lectins of Sambucus Nigra, revealed that alpha(3)beta(1), alpha(5)beta(1), & alpha(v)beta(1) integrins are major counterreceptors of Gal8 in Trabecular Mesh cells & that TM cell beta(1) integrins carry mainly alpha2-3-sialylated glycans. Diskin 2009   Using triple labeling with fluorochrome-conjugated markers Sambucus nigra agglutinin, DES or alphaSMA & DNA-specific YoPro-1, delicate filamentous, circumferentially oriented alphaSMA pattern in periendothelial cells of mature CAM capillary plexus, axially oriented DES pattern was reported. Kurz 2008   Examination of abscission zone cells of Sambucus nigra as ethylene target cells in higher plants was carried out. McManus 2008   Bark lectins from the elderberry plants belonging to the genus Sambucus specifically bind to Neu5Acalpha2,6Gal/GalNAc sequence and have long been used for the analysis of sialoglycoconjugates that play important roles in many biological phenomena. Kaku 2007   Identification of N-glycosylated proteins from the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaste was carried out by using different lectin affinity chromatography and Wisteria floribunda and Sambucus nigra columns. Koles 2007   The sialylation level and types of sialic acid linkages were analysed by lectin blotting and enzyme linked lectino-solid-phase assay using Sambucus nigra and Maakia amurensis agglutinins. Krzeslak 2007   Review on lectin-modified microchannels for mammalian cell capture and purification shows that two cell lines with different binding affinities to the lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin were combined at various ratios and introduced into SNA-modified microchannels. Zheng 2007   Characterization and cDNA cloning of monomeric lectins that correspond to the B-Chain of a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from the bark of Japanese elderberry (Sambucus sieboldiana) was carried out. Rojo 2004   Transgenic tobacco plants expressing elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins were generated and challenged with tobacco mosaic virus in order to analyze their antiviral properties. Vandenbussche 2004   The N-terminal amino acid sequence of lectin from Sambucus racemosa displays a close homology with other lectins and B chains of non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins nigrins and ebulins present in other Sambucus species. Rojo 2003   Site-directed mutagenesis was used to mimic the conversion of the highly active B-chain of fruit-specific Sambucus nigra agglutinin into the completely inactive B-chain of the closely related and naturally occurring loss-of-activity mutant called S. nigra agglutinin lectin-related protein. Chen 2002   The recombinant Sambucus nigra fruit specific agglutinin I(SNA-If) from tobacco leaves has same molecular structure & biological activities as native SNA-If from elderberry fruits, demonstrating that transgenic tobacco plants are fully capable of expressing a type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Chen 2002a   Transgenic tobacco plants transformed with a cDNA clone encoding SNA-I' from Sambucus nigra synthesize, and correctly process and assemble, a fully active type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Chen 2002b   Thaumatin-like proteins were isolated and characterized from fruits and leaves of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) and their corresponding genes cloned. Van Damme 2002   Fragments of the Sambucus nigra agglutinin-binding protein showed amino-acid identity with peptides from beta1 integrin. The identities of these proteins were validated by Western blotting. Praetorius 2001   Beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal.1) activity is increased in colon cancer and detected by reactivity with Sambucus nigra lectin Dall'Olio 1999   Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin (SSA), specific for Siaalpha2,6Gal/GalNAc, positively stains granulosa cells only in atretic follicles of porcine ovaries. SSA-positive glycans are Siaalpha2,6Galbeta1,4GlcNAc on complex-type N-glycans Kimura 1999   Clone C127-FT is Lewisxpositive, by flow cytometry, only after alpha-galactosidase or sialidase treatment, and releases [3H]Fuc N-glycans which efficiently bind to immobilized Griffonia simplicifolia I and Sambucus nigra lectins. Valli 1999   Lectin blot analysis of clones demonstrated an increase in staining of the Sambucus nigra lectin, which detects alpha2,6 linked sialic acid, in parallel with enzyme activity. Breen 1998   Two nigritins, ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) with N-glycosidase activity, found in mature black elder fruit, MW 24095 & 23565, inhibited protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates but were inactive against plant ribosomes de Benito 1998   Momordica charantia lectin manifested a certain extent of sequence similarity to beta-momorcharin and other RIPs, and some degree of homology in sequence to lectins from Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita argyrosperma, Sambucus nigra and Ricinus Communis. Wang 1998   The rhizome SEAII and the lectins SNA II and SNA III from elder (Sambucus nigra L.) share good amino acid sequence homology. Citores 1997   Stable transfectants expressed different levels of alpha 2, 6ST activity, were reactive with the Sambucus nigra lectin, specific for alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid, & compared with control transfectants, showed a remarkable decrease in the number of unsubstituted Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc terminal sequences. Dall'Olio 1997   One of the predominant proteins in the bark of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has been identified as a novel type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein that exhibits a normal RNA N-glycosidase activity, but is devoid of carbohydrate binding activity. Van Damme 1997   The patterns of mRNA expression were compared with the pattern of binding of two sialic acid-specific plant lectins, Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin, which preferentially recognize alpha 2,6- and alpha 2,3-linked sialic acids, respectively, on N-glycans. Baum 1996   Together with several other bands, 2 distinct bands of 27 and 31 kDa, shown to bind to the lectins Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Datura stramonium agglutinin, indicating terminal sialic acid linked alpha 2 --> 6 to galactose, and galactose linked beta 1 --> 4 to N-acetylglucosamine, respectively. Johnsen 1996   To elucidate the structure of the elderberry lectin, a cDNA library was constructed from the mRNA isolated from the bark tissue of Japanese elderberry (Sambucus sieboldiana) with lambda gt11 phage and screened with anti-S. sieboldiana agglutinin (SSA) antibody. Kaku 1996   It appears that elderberry bark contains at least two different type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins and a lectin built up of subunits which are closely related to the B chain of Sambucus nigra agglutinin V. Van Damme 1996   The cDNA encoding the NeuAc(alpha-2,6)Gal/GalNAc binding lectin from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) bark was isolated from a cDNA library constructed with mRNA from the bark. Van Damme 1996a   Targeting pCMVlacZ to human airway epithelial cells with lectins, SNA, ConA, MAA, WGA Yin 1994          "Antiviral Activity of the Infusion (SHS-174) from Flowers of Sambucus nigra L., Aerial Parts of Hypericum perforatum L., and Roots of Saponaria officinalis L. Against Influenza and Herpes Simplex Viruses"-- Serkedjieve, J., et al., Phytotherapy Research, vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 97-100 (1990).          Sambucus nigra in Mendel Plant Gene Nomenclature Database FORMULAS/BLENDS   Modern Methods of Preparation   A strategy for purifications using lectin-modified microchannels is presented. As proof-of-principle demonstration, two cell lines with different binding affinities to the lectin Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA)were combined at various ratios & introduced into SNA-modified microchannels. Zheng 2007   An efficient method was developed for the purification of monospecific antibodies against the plant glycoprotein Sambucus nigra lectin related protein. Desmyter 2001 Patents          Conduct a search on "sambucus" or "elderberry" in the title, abstract or claims section (excl. horticultural varieties) of the US patents database Folk Blends (component) No Records   Contemporary Mixtures (component) No Records   OTHER INFORMATION   Pictures & Distribution Maps          US distribution of genus Sambucus at BONAP          Plant pictures by Henrietta Kress          Picture and description of the American Elder at NewCROP          A collection of photos at Texas A&M University Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology   Experiments with rachis abscission explants of Sambucus nigra have shown that auxin, when added to cells post-separation can retard cellulase activity, with activity re-established with subsequent ethylene treatment. McManus 2008   The effect of altitudinal variation on the content of phenolic compounds in three traditional herbal plants, including Calluna vulgaris (L.) flowers and fruits of Sambucus nigra L., and berries of Vaccinium myrtillus L which are also consumed as food in Central Europe was studied. Rieger 2008   Sambucus nigra agglutinin from elderberry bark in transgenic tobacco plants may result in enhanced resistance to different insect species. Shahidi-Noghabi 2008   The study demonstrates the insecticidal potency of Sambucus nigra agglutinin I, a type-2 RIP, isolated from the bark of elderberry on two Hemipteran insect species using two different methods. Shahidi-Noghabi 2008a   The onset & development of symptoms of 3 Sambucus species, S. ebulus, S. nigra & S. racemosa were studied under three different experimental conditions, in charcoal filtered air, & in 2 ozone enriched treatment which showed that S. ebulus could be an appropriate plant for biomonitoring studies. Cano 2007   The importance of a single pore's transpiration on its own response and that of adjacent pores was studied using the leaves of Sambucus nigra. Kaiser 2007   The uptake of 226Ra nuclide from contaminated soil was compared in three woody species: alder (Alnus glutinosa), birch (Betula pendula) and elder during the vegetation periods. Soudek 2007   Elder shrubs (Sambucus nigra L.) were planted in an experimental apple orchard as bordering hedgerow with the objective of rearing syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) and consequently enhancing the biological control of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini). Bribosia 2005   A study to determine whether the phenological phases of some plants could serve as reliable indicators of time of weed emergence in turf investigated the phenology of six shrubs including Sambucus nigra. Masin 2005   Preliminary results on translocation of copper, manganese and iron from soil to leaves of Sambucus nigra seedlings in the presence of increasing copper concentrations in the growth medium are presented. Orsega 2003   Plant small heat-stress proteins have been found in 1-year-old twigs of Acer platanoides L. and Sambucus nigra L. and in the liana Aristolochia macrophylla Lamk. exclusively in the winter months. Lubaretz 2002   Salix species and Sambucus nigra L. (elder) naturally invade dredged sediment landfills and are commonly encountered on substrates contaminated with heavy metals. Foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn in 4 Salix species and elder were explored in the field. Vandecasteele 2002   Continuous measurements of stomatal aperture simultaneously with gas exchange during periods of stomatal oscillations are reported for the first time in the field on attached leaves of undisturbed Sambucus nigra L. plants which were subjected to step-wise increases of PPFD. Kaiser 2001   Differences in the seasonal variation in stem water potential between the 2 shrub species Sorbus aucuparia and Sambucus nigra were related with their vulnerability to xylem cavitation. Vogt 2001          Distribution and ecological characteristics of Sambucus cerulea at Fire Effects Information System          Sambucus sp. at NewCROP          Distribution map and other info in the PLANTS National Database Related Links          Monograph on Sambucus nigra from Australian Naturopathic Network          Search for "sambucus" at Citeline.com          Community Herbal Monograph on Sambucus Nigra L., Flos by European Medicines Agency EMEA/HMPC          Description at HealthLink Online Resources          Description at Herbal Information Center & Vitamin Directory          Elderberry Picture Monograph from Herbdata - New Zealand          A monograph on Sambucus nigra from medlineplus          Monograph on Sambucus nigra from Native American Botanics          Monograph at NCCAM herbs-at-a-Glance          Search for Sambucus nigra in Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Phytochem and Ethnobot DB          Description, usage and cultivation at Plants For A Future          Health knowledge on Sambucus nigra from stanford.wellsphere          Sambucus nigra in The HortiPlex Plant Database   Scroll down index of herbs to find Flos Sambuci within the pdf file in WHO monograph DYNAMIC UPDATES   Live PubMed Searches   Sambucus nigra and Analytical Chemistry   Sambucus nigra and Animal Studies   Sambucus nigra and Case Reports   Sambucus nigra and Clinical Trials   Sambucus nigra and Drug Interactions   Sambucus nigra and Ethnobotanical Use   Sambucus nigra and Genetics   Sambucus nigra and In Vitro Studies   Sambucus nigra and Pharmacodynamics   Sambucus nigra and Pharmacokinetics   Sambucus nigra and Preparations & Formulary   Sambucus nigra and Reference Standards   Sambucus nigra and Safety & Toxicology   Sambucus nigra and Therapeutic Activity   Sambucus nigra and Tissue Culture HISTORY OF RECORD RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D.    1998 - 2000 RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. cand.    June 2001 REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, PhD    February 2009   BACK TO HOME

HerbMed® is copyrighted © 1998-2010 by the Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. For comments and suggestions, or information on licensing and subscriptions, contact Information Desk.