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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials
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Nine clinical trials from 3 databases were included in this systematic review which found that preparations containing black cohosh improved vasomotor symptoms by 26% (95% confidence interval, 11%-40%). It was noted that the included trials were significantly heterogeneous.
Shams 2010
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial of efficacy & tolerability of Cimicifuga racemosa extract was conducted in women for the treatment of anxiety disorder due to menopause revealed no statistically significant anxiolytic effect of black cohosh (vs placebo).
Amsterdam 2009
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A randomized, four-arm, double-blind trial to evaluate safety & efficacy of black cohosh & red clover compared with placebo for relief of menopausal vasomotor symptoms showed that chemically & biologically standardized extracts of black cohosh was safe when administered for 12 months.
Geller 2009
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Results of a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to examine the effects of red clover, black cohosh, and combined hormone therapy on cognitive function compared to placebo in 66 midlife women indicate that red clover and black cohosh had no effect on cognitive function.
Maki 2009
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Since no significant changes in total hepatic blood flow or any of the liver functions tested were reported, it is demonstrated that use of Cimicifuga racemosa for 1 year by healthy postmenopausal women without evidence of liver disease does not seem to influence the liver.
Nasr 2009
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A systematic review of clinical trials to assess the current literature on the benefits of black cohosh for women experiencing climacteric symptoms showed that many of the studies had conflicting results.
Palacio 2009
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Review on advances in the treatment of menopausal symptoms shows dietary herbal supplements, such as soy and black cohosh, have demonstrated mixed and inconclusive results in placebo-controlled trials.
Pinkerton 2009
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Review on treatment strategies for hot flushes show the benefit from dietary herbal supplements is still inconclusive; however, recent studies have shown some mild response to soy and black cohosh.
Shen 2009
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 93 healthy women who reported six or more vasomotor symptoms per 24 hours shows that herbal formula containing Chinese herbs and Cimicifuga cannot be recommended to alleviate menopausal vasomotor symptoms or improve quality of life.
van der Sluijs 2009
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Some therapies such as clonidine, selective serotonin receptor inhibitors and gabapentin are effective in decreasing the degree and frequency of somatic symptoms in menopause, while phytooestrogens and black cohosh have shown mixed results.
Wong 2009
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A sysematic review found evidence from double blind, randomized, clinical trials does not consistently demonstrate an effect of black cohosh on menopausal symptoms.
Borrelli 2008
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Open-label, noncomparative studies, as well as treatment-controlled, randomized, open trials, have found that black cohosh significantly reduced frequency or severity of hot flashes. [Article in Polish]
Kanadys 2008
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Randomized trials in women demonstrate that hot flashes are markedly decreased by low doses of progestational agents, moderately decreased by venlafaxine, mildly to moderately by fluoxetine, mildly decreased by clonidine, but not substantially decreased by vitamin E, soy or black cohosh.
Loprinzi 2008
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A randomized double-blind randomized trial was designed to examine the short and long-term effects of alternative approaches like black cohosh, alfalfa, dong quai, false unicorn, licorice, oats, pomegranate, Siberian ginseng, boron etc, which are commonly used to manage menopause symptoms.
Newton 2008
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Black cohosh, used alone or as part of a multibotanical product with or without soy dietary changes, had no effects on vaginal epithelium, endometrium, or reproductive hormones in a placebo-controlled trial of 351 women.
Reed 2008
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The influence of sequential hormonal therapy on biochemical and cardiovascular indices in menopause was studied with 94 patients, age 45 to 60, by controlled, random and prospective studies. [Article in Bosnian]
Rosi?008
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It is found in a a randomized trial that adding Cimicifuga racemosa rhizome dry extract to clomiphene citrate induction can improve the pregnancy rate and cycle outcomes in the patients with unexplained infertility.
Shahin 2008
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The efficacy of isopropanolic extract of Actaea racemosa (iCR), was found as good as tibolone for the treatment of climacteric complaints, even for moderate to severe symptoms, and iCR was found to have better safety profile.
Bai 2007
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The usage pattern, effectiveness & safety of black cohosh alone or in fixed combination with St. John's wort on menopausal symptoms in general clinical practice was evaluated and showed the fixed combination was superior to black cohosh alone in alleviating climacteric mood symptoms.
Briese 2007
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Black cohosh and St. John's wort combination was found to be effective in alleviating climacteric symptoms and might provide benefits to lipid metabolism in 89 peri- or postmenopausal women experiencing climacteric symptoms.
Chung 2007
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[Cimicifuga really no better than placebo?] [Article in German]
Hoffmann 2007
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The efficacy of fluoxetine and black cohosh in the treatment of 120 healthy women with postmenopausal symptoms was evaluated in a prospective, randomized trial which revealed that black cohosh is more effective for treating hot flushes and night sweats compared with fluoxetine.
Oktem 2007
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Phyto-Female Complex (which includes standardized extracts of black cohosh, dong quai, etc.) was found safe and effective for the relief of hot flushes and sleep disturbances in pre- and postmenopausal women, at least for 3 months' use.
Rotem 2007
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Women taking Black cohosh extract (BCE) with 2.5% triterpenes experienced relief of menopausal symptoms, with reversion toward baseline after washout. BCE had no effect on estrogenic markers in serum and no effect on pS2 or cellular morphology in nipple aspirate fluid.
Ruhlen 2007
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Black cohosh containing therapies had no demonstrable effects on lipids, glucose, insulin or fibrinogen in 351, 45-55 years old, peri or post-menopausal women.
Spangler 2007
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Twelve-week administration of a supplement containing soy isoflavones and Actaea racemosa L. had little or no influence on the coronary heart disease risk markers studied.
Verhoeven 2007
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The use of black cohosh appears to be safe in breast cancer patients without risk for liver disease.
Walji 2007
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The influence of an isopropanolic Cimicifuga racemosa extract on recurrence-free survival after breast cancer, including estrogen-dependent tumors was investigated in 1102 patients.
Zepelin 2007
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[Summaries for patients. Treating symptoms of menopause: a study of the effectiveness of black cohosh alone and with other herbal therapies or soy.]
[No authors listed] 2006
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Black cohosh used in isolation, or as part of a multibotanical regimen, shows little potential as an important therapy for relief of vasomotor symptoms.
Newton 2006
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Cimicifuga racemosa dry extract was an effective and safe therapy of climacteric women with contraindications to hormonal replacement therapy. [Article in Polish]
Radowicki 2006
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The administration of a combination of isoflavones, lignans and C. racemosa already reduces acute climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women after 3 months of treatment and the prompt effect is probably due to the different pharmacokinetic properties of isoflavones and lignans.
Sammartino 2006
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An isopropanolic aqueous extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (40 mg/day) was found to be a valid alternative to low-dose transdermal estradiol in the management of climacteric complaints in 64 postmenopausal women who cannot be treated with or who refuse conventional strategies.
Nappi 2005
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2 clinical trial studies of black cohosh showed excellent efficacy against classic menopausal complaints and osteoprotective properties, and extracts were deemed safe even when the dosage was increased threefold.
Viereck 2005
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Black cohosh showed a reduction in mean daily hot flash frequency by 50% (95% CI, 34%-65%), while weekly hot flash scores were reduced 56% (95% CI, 40%-71%) at completion of the study in 21 women with mean age of 56 years with an average of 8.3 hot flashes per day during the baseline week.
Pockaj 2004
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Review of Clinical studies on soy, red clover and their isoflavones as well as of the Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055, revealed later as a selective estrogen receptor modulator.
Wuttke 2003a
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Cimicifuga racemosa preparation CR BNO 1055 contains substances with selective estrogen receptor modulator activity, i.e. with desired effects in the brain/hypothalamus, bone and in vagina, but without exerting uterotrophic effects.
Wuttke 2003b
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In this systematic review of clinical trials, the authors concluded that despite plausible mechanisms of action of C. racemosa, its clinical efficacy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms has not been convincingly demonstrated through rigorous clinical trials.
Borrelli 2002
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In this randomized controlled trial of 49 women, average frequency of menstrually associated migraine attacks was significantly reduced in patients treated with a phytoestrogen preparation, including Cimicifuga racemosa.
Burke 2002
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Review of available clinical evidence for the treatment of menopausal symptoms with alternative and complementary medicine including black cohosh revealed, there are insufficient data on other alternative therapies for treating menopausal symptoms.
Kang 2002
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This clinical study suggests that C. racemosa extract is associated with improvement in menopause symptoms without evidence of estrogenlike effects
Liske 2002
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Evidence on efficacy of herbs used to reduce hot flashes in postmenopausal women reevaluated for use with prostate cancer patients experiencing similar symptoms.
Moyad 2002
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Evidence is now available that unidentified compounds in Cimicifuga racemosa extracts prevent climacteric complaints and may also have antiosteoporotic effects.
Wuttke 2002
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Black cohosh was not significantly more efficacious than placebo against most menopausal symptoms, including number and intensity of hot flashes in a randomized clinical trial among breast cancer patients.
Jacobson 2001
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Eight botanical preparations that are commonly used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms were tested for estrogenic activity. These data suggest a potential use for some dietary supplements, ingested by human beings, in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
Liu 2001
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Review of 8 human studies on the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the
symptoms of menopause. Study concludes it is a safe and effective alternative to estrogen
Lieberman 1998
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These studies show good therapeutic efficacy for menopausal symptoms (e.g., hot flashes, profuse sweating, sleep disturbances, depressive moods) and tolerability profiles for Cimicifuga racemosa.
Liske 1998
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LH suppressive effect of Cimicifuga racemosa in menopausal women and ovx rats caused by three different compounds, non ligands for the estrogen receptor that suppress LH, ligands for the estrogen receptor that suppress LH and ligands for the estrogen receptor that don't suppress LH.
Duker 1991
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Menopausal women taking Cimicifuga ethanol extract for 8 weeks had lower LH & unchanged FSH. Fractions tested showed both competitive binding at estrogen receptors and reduction of LH secretion in ovariectomized rats.
Duker 1991
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60 hysterectomy menopausal women randomized to Cimicifuga or 3 types of estrogen all had lower Kupperman-Index but no significant differences in serum FSH & LH.
Lehmann-Willenbrock 1988
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This Phase I study will assess the pharmacokinetics (drug toxicity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination data) of two botanicals, Trifolium pratense and Cimicifuga racemosa. Participants receive a single dose of one botanical preparation.
ClinicalTrials.gov
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Observational Studies/Case Reports
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Postmenopausal women treated with an isopropanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa underwent a decrease in the urinary concentration of N-telopeptides, a marker of bone resorption, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone formation, at the third month of therapy.
Garc?P?z 2009
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Cimicifuga racemosa treatment increased both global quality of life and the four domains of the Cervantes health-related quality of life scale, being an effective treatment to reduce symptoms in post-menopausal woman with elevated body weight.
Moll?009
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It is found that the use of herbal preparations which contain phytoestrogens and black cohosh protects from invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Obi 2009
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The cases of two patients, one with submassive liver necrosis and the other with chronic hepatitis most likely related to the use of two different preparations containing black cohosh was reported.
Pierard 2009
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[Comment on an article reviewing black cohosh and case reports of hepatotoxicity.]
Sunyecz 2009
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The causal relationship was evaluated in nine cases with suspected hepatotoxicity by the use of black cohosh (BC) which showed little, if any, hepatotoxic risks by the use of BC in the analyzed cases.
Teschke 2009
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Severe hepatotoxicity has been described as spontaneous in 42 patients in assumed causal relationship with the treatment by Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma corresponding to the root of black cohosh for postmenopausal symptoms.
Teschke 2009
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The analysis of 69 cases shows little, if any, supportive evidence for a significant hepatotoxic risk of black cohosh.
Teschke 2009
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[A case of hepatitis associated with long-term use of Cimicifuga racemosa.]
Vannacci 2009
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A case of coagulation activation, fluid retention and transient autoimmune hepatitis most likely triggered by the use of black cohosh was reported.
Zimmermann 2009
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Two cases of liver toxicity, related to Black cohosh which is commonly used for postmenopausal symptoms were presented.
Joy 2008
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Using two different challenge paradigms for the examination of central opioid function, a neuropharmacologic action of black cohosh treatment was demonstrated in postmenopausal women.
Reame 2008
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Soy isoflavones, red clover isoflavones, black cohosh, and vitamin E are commonly used to treat vasomotor symptoms and may be considered in women with mild symptoms that are not controlled by lifestyle changes alone.
Umland 2008
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Review on endocrine disrupters or replacement for hormone replacement therapy shows the Cimicifuga racemosa preparation BNO 1055 would appear as an ideal SERM and may be an alternative to hormone replacement therapy.
Wuttke 2008
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There is evidence that clonidine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, gabapentin and black cohosh may be beneficial in the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms in some women.
Cheema 2007
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It is suggested that triterpene glycoside actein from the herb black cohosh induces 2 phases of the integrated stress response, the survival phase and the apoptotic phase, depending on the dose and duration of treatment.
Einbond 2007
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[Cutaneous vasculitis in two patients taking an herbal supplement containing black cohosh.]
Ingraffea 2007
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A 56-year-old female patient was presented with asymptomatic, localized erythematous plaques on arms and legs. Because of menopausal complaints, the patient had been taking Remifemin, which contain black cohosh, for 1 year.
Meyer 2007
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The case of a 50-year-old woman who presented with fatigue and right upper quadrant pain found to begun the popular postmenopausal herbal remedy black cohosh two weeks prior to presentation was reported.
Nisbet 2007
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Retrospective literature study reports that black cohosh may be effective in treating menopausal symptoms, and has antiestrogenic, antiproliferative and antioxidant properties.
Rebbeck 2007
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Review of the clinical data for safety and efficacy in menopausal symptoms suggests Cimicifuga racemosa may be useful for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, profuse sweating, insomnia & anxiety and the current recommended dosage is 40-80 mg/day.
Mahady 2005
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Recommendation for close monitoring of women using black cohosh for menopausal symptoms after a case of autoimmune hepatitis likely triggered by the use of black cohosh preparation.
Cohen 2004
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[What nonhormonal therapies are effective for postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms?].
Brewer 2003
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Black cohosh and soy can be said to offer some benefits as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy though there are problems like lack of standards for admission to study, unknown dosages of active principles, and unclear or lax criteria for effectiveness in those studies reviewed.
Taylor 2003
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Review of the published clinical data suggests that black cohosh may be useful for menopausal symptoms. However, recent reports are contradictory. One study reveals it may exert anti-estrogenic effect.
Mahady 2002
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Review of data on alternatives to hormone replacement therapy Cimicifuga racemosa.
Morelli 2002
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Patient required urgent liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure attributed to use of black cohosh.
Whiting 2002
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Of the certified nurse-midwives (CNM) who used herbal preparations to stimulate labor, 64% used blue cohosh, 45% used black cohosh, 63% used red raspberry leaf, 93% used castor oil, and 60% used evening primrose oil.
McFarlin 1999
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"Black and blue cohosh in labour" (no abstract).
Baillie 1997
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"The use of black and blue cohosh in labour" (no abstract).
Gunn 1996
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Traditional and Folk Use
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[Is black cohosh a safe and effective substitute for hormone replacement therapy?]
Becker 2009
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[Complementary therapies, herbs, and other OTC agents.]
Cassileth 2009
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The most common choices of complementary and alternative medicine for vasomotor symptoms among women who have discontinued hormone therapy includes a) multivitamins and calcium, (b) black cohosh, (c) soy supplements and food.
Kupferer 2009
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Study on medicinal plants used in British Columbia, Canada for reproductive health in pets shows uterine infections were treated with black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis).
Lans 2009
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Evaluation of 335 resident physicians' level of understanding of popular dietary supplement regulation shows more than one-third of respondents were unaware of the reasons for use of saw palmetto and black cohosh.
Ashar 2008
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Plants like black cohosh used to improve women's health, especially to reduce hot flashes in menopausal women, alleviate the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, and reduce persistent urinary tract infections were studied.
Farnsworth 2008
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[Commentary on black cohosh for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.]
Mello 2008
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[Femicurn and remifemin--reasonable alternative for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopause] [Article in Bulgarian]
Sirakov 2008
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Preparations containing isoflavones in variable doses, such as soy extract and red clover, or extracts from evening primrose, Cimifuga racemosa, ginseng and black cohosh are often used for treating the climacteric syndrome.
Albertazzi 2007
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The efficacy of black cohosh and phyto-oestrogens remains to be proven in the treatment of premature menopause in breast cancer patients.
Deniz 2007
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St. John's wort and black cohosh appears to be the most useful in alleviating mood and anxiety changes during menopause.
Geller 2007
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Homeopathic preparations of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) and black cohosh (Actaea racemosa [formerly Cimicifuga racemosa]) have been used around the world for induction and augmentation of labor.
Kistin 2007
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[Alternative treatments of vasomotor symptoms of menopause.]
Krueger 2007
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[Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa, syn. Cimicifuga racemosa): the queen of the female pharmacopeia.]
Ross 2007
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The survey of the extent of complementary and alternative medicine use among women for the alleviation of menopausal symptoms shows the phytoestrogen tablets, evening primrose oil, and black cohosh were deemed the most effective products.
van der Sluijs 2007
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[Black cohosh and St John's wort reduced climacteric and depressive symptoms.]
Cheung 2006
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Review on integrative therapies for menopause showed that botanicals such as black cohosh and red clover have been shown to decrease severity and frequency of hot flashes.
McKee 2005
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[Can an herbal agent replace estrogen for hot flashes?].
Jacobson 2004
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[Therapy of climacteric disorder with cefakliman]. [Article in Bulgarian]
Sirakov 2004
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Review on practicing clinicians? desire to become aware of and to understand relevance of complementary / alternative therapies used by their patients with premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
Girman 2003
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[Treating hot flushes without hormone replacement therapy].
Seibel 2003
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Review of the evidence of herbs commonly used by women including black cohosh suggests that manufacturers should ensure that herbs contain pure ingredients. Side effects and drug interactions should be listed.
Tesch 2002
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No oestrogenic effect found in mice given 600 mg/kg for 3 days although it is used to relieve
symptoms of hot flushes and other menstrual or menopausal discomfort by many Danish women.
Einer-Jensen 1996
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Monograph in "A Modern Herbal" by Mrs. M. Grieve at
botanical.com
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity
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Use of specific herbal supplements including echinacea, ginkgo, ginseng, St. John's wort, kava, valerian, black cohosh,is associated with 20% higher blood lead levels among herbal supplement user women.
Buettner 2008
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[Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity--causality assessment versus safety signal.]
Mahady 2009
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[Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms.]
Naser 2009
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[Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms.]
Teschke 2009
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[Autoimmune hepatitis induced by Actaea racemosa. Side effects of an herb extract] [Article in Dutch]
van de Meerendonk 2009
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A systematic review carried out to evaluate the clinical evidence for or against the safety of black cohosh shows it has been associated with serious safety concerns.
Borrelli 2008
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Review on hepatotoxic slimming aids and other herbal hepatotoxins shows diterpenoid-derived reactive metabolites are central to germander hepatotoxicity and the hepatic effects of compounds such as Sho-saiko-to, Centella asiatica and Black cohosh are linked to their triterpenoid content.
Chitturi 2008
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[Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms.]
Chow 2008
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The long term safety & herb-drug interactions of commonly used therapy such as soy, black cohosh, dong quai, ginseng & vitamin E was examined and sporadic reports showed dangerous adverse effects of these herbal preparations as well as hazardous interactions between botanic compounds.
Haimov-Kochman 2008
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Thirty nonduplicate reports on use of black cohosh products concerning liver damage were analyzed. All the reports of liver damage were assigned possible causality, and none were probable or certain causality.
Mahady 2008
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[Adverse effects of Cimicifuga] [Article in French]
Schmutz 2008
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[Questions regarding causality in presumed black cohosh hepatotoxicity.]
Teschke 2008
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There are no valuable data indicating the absence of a harmful effect of drugs including black cohosh used to alleviate climacteric symptoms in breast cancer patients.
Antoine 2007
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[Black cohosh, safety, and public awareness.]
Dunbar 2007
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[Is black cohosh a hepatotoxic medicinal herb?]
Gori 2007
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Ethanolic Cimicifugae racemosa extract was administered orally to rats, and liver sections were analyzed by electron microscopy to assess hepatotoxicity of cimicifuga in more detail.
L?07
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[Fulminant liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh.].
Levitsky 2005
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[Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh].
Thomsen 2004
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Review of literature on Cimicifuga racemosa demonstrates low incidence of adverse events (5.4%), hence supports its safety, particularly isopropanolic preparations, for use in women experiencing menopausal symptoms.
Dog 2003
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Data from clinical studies and spontaneous reporting programs suggest that adverse events (AEs) with black cohosh are rare, mild, and reversible. Gastrointestinal upsets and rashes are the most common AEs.
Huntley 2003
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Hepatotoxicity from Cimicifuga racemosa? Recent Australian case report not sufficiently substantiated. [no abstract]
Thomsen 2003
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Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. [no abstract]
Vitetta 2003
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Review of evidence on the safety and efficacy of black cohosh, ginseng, chastetree, dong quai, evening primrose oil, and soy products for patients on chronic dialysis seeking relief for menopausal problems.
Roemheld-Hamm 2002
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The safety profile of black cohosh is positive, with low toxicity, few and mild side effects, and good tolerability. In European phytotherapy, Remifemin is commonly prescribed as an effective alternative to hormone replacement therapy for menopause.
McKenna 2001
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For relief of menopausal symptoms, black cohosh root extract has a good safety profile and demonstrated efficacy. Safety data, especially during pregnancy and lactation, are still largely lacking for many herbal medications, and recommendations for usage and dosage vary.
Hardy 2000
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Interactions
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Summary of data extracted from several laboratories, animal, and clinical studies that describe the metabolism transport and potential interactions of 8 selected botanicals including black cohosh.
Shord 2009
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Evaluation of the effects of six botanical extracts including black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and goldenseal on clinical assessment of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans revealed approximately 50% inhibition of CYP2D6 activity for goldenseal, but not for black cohosh.
Gurley 2008
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Contraindications
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Soy isoflavones and black cohosh have a proven ability to reduce hot flashes, but they should not be used when estrogen is contraindicated.
McBane 2008
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Animal Studies
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The pharmacological parameters of Actein, an active component of the herb black cohosh were assessed in rats and effects on gene expression in the liver were studied which revealed that Actein activates stress- and statin-associated responses and is bioavailable in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Einbond 2009
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The special extract of Cimicifuga racemosa BNO 1055 was shown to have bone protective effects without exerting estrogenic effects in the uterus or mammary gland of rats.
Seidlova-Wuttke 2009
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The effects of Trifolium pratense and Cimicifuga racemosa on the endometrium of Wistar rats were evaluated and the results compared with a placebo and estradiol valerate which revealed that both herbal extracts reduced endometrial proliferation in comparison to the placebo group.
Alves 2008
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Cimicifuga racemosa extract does not affect liver morphology and hepatic function indices in rats and the use of 300mg/kg/day of black cohosh appears quite safe in rats.
Mazzanti 2008
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In OVX rats, Cimicifuga racemosaBNO 1055 extract consumption decreases enhanced pituitary lutenizing hormone secretion, attenuate body weight gain and intra-abdominal fat accumulation, lower fasting plasma insulin and has no effects on uterine mass.
Racho?08
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Chronic tamoxifen caused a pronounced depression, while chronic klimadynon (Cimicifuga extract; 20 mg/kg) and genistein exhibited a pronounced antidepressant effect in intact and ovariectomized rats.
Sapronov 2008
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The triterpenoids of Cimicifugae rhizoma, exerted inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption through suppression of both osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) formation and the resorbing activity of OCLs, and also showed protective effect on bone mineral density in ovariectomized mice.
Li 2007
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Ovariectomized Wistar rats fed with the phytoestrogen compound (genistein, daidzein, glycitein, black cohosh, angelica sin., licorice, vitex agnus) displayed a significantly lower level of proinflammatory cytokines and a higher level of TGF-beta, as shown also by Western blot analysis.
Marotta 2006
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Estradiol, testosterone & Cimicifuga racemosa exerted antiosteoporotic effects in the metaphysis of the tibia of orchidectomy rats. Therefore, the C. racemosa extract BNO 1055 may be useful to prevent osteoporosis in aged male patients with reduced testosterone production.
Seidlova-Wuttke 2005
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Review of 15 animal and 15 in vitro studies on Cimicifuga racemosa suggests that it possesses a central activity instead of a hormonal effect.
Borrelli 2003
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Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 exerted estrogenic effects in the bone (particularly in osteoblasts) and in fat tissue, but not in uterus of ovx rats. It appears to contain rat organ-specific selective estrogen receptor modulators.
Seidlova 2003
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Ethanolic and isopropanolic-aqueous extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa produced reduction of hot flush equivalents in castrated rats and antidepressant activity in tail suspension test.
Winterhoff 2003
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Both genistein & estradiol altered ovarian and testicular steroid release but neither black cohosh total extract (75-30,000 ng/fish), cimiracemoside A, 25-O-methyl-cimigenoside, actein, nor 26-deoxy-actein caused differences in estrogenic activity & antioxidant effect compared to control fish.
Zhang 2003
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The lack of mammary tumor-stimulating effects of Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) extract is significant in establishing the safety of CR extracts for treatment of menopausal symptoms in women with a history of breast cancer where hormone-replacement therapy is contraindicated.
Freudenstein 2002
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Cimicifuga racemosa (CR) was found to have an estrogen-like action on immature female mice and an enhancing effect on estrogen receptor (ER) levels of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. climacteric syndrome. [Article in Chinese]
Liu 2001
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Isoferulic acid (IFA) is an active ingredient of Cimicifuga beracleifolia, frequently used in Japanese traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory drug. Research data suggests that IFA is a novel tool for the intervention therapy against influenza virus-induced pneumonia.
Sakai 2001
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In a search for new anti-pruritic drugs results suggest that Scrophularia ningpoensis, Patrinia villosa, Forsythia suspenna, Cimicifuga dahurica, Schizonepeta tenuifolia and Cnidium monnieri methanol extracts have inhibitory activity against SP-induced itching.
Tohda 2000
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Isoferulic acid extracted from the rhizome of Cimicifuga dahurica Maxim. (Ranunculaceae) has been determined to have in vivo antihyperglycemic activity in spontaneously diabetic rats (similar to type I diabete).
Liu 1999
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Experimental results indicated that the inhibition by cimicifugic acid D and fukinolic acid of the norepinephrine (NE)-induced contraction of rat aorta are attributable to the suppression of Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space enhanced by NE.
Noguichi 1998
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Ferulic acid and isoferulic acid (components of Cimicifuga) reduced influenza induced IL-8 in murine
macrophages by 43% & 56% respectively.
Hirabayashi 1995
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"Endocrine effects of constituents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 1. The effect on serum levels of pituitary hormones in ovariectomized rats" (no abstract
Jarry 1985a
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Pharmacodynamics
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Study found cimicifugic acids isolated from Cimicifuga racemosa are not responsible for serotonergic activity in black cohosh. New phytochemical methodology & sensitive dereplication method led to the identification of N(omega)-methylserotonin as serotonergic active principle.
G?ke 2009
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Cimiside E, isolated from the Cimicifuga heracleifolia Komarov extract, mediated apoptosis through the induction of the caspase cascade for both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways which suggests that it may be an effective chemopreventive agent against cancer.
Guo 2009
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No effect of Cimicifuga racemosa extract on serum interleukin-6 levels and prostacyclin production by human endothelial cells.
Pineda 2009
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Extracts from the roots of Cimicifuga racemosa inhibit nitric oxide production by reducing iNOS expression without affecting activity of the enzyme and might contribute to the anti-inflammatory activities of C. racemosa.
Schmid 2009
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It is demonstrated that cimicifugoside is a novel specific nucleoside transport inhibitor that displays synergistic potentiation of methotrexate cytotoxicity.
Yawata 2009
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The direct effect of Actaea racemosa on enhancement of bone nodule formation in osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells) is reported for the first time and the action was mediated via an estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism.
Chan 2008
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The effects of black cohosh on mammary tumorigenesis were investigated in the MMTV-neu mouse model due to its similarities to HER2(+) breast cancer, including stochastic development of mammary tumors, which frequently progress to metastatic disease.
Davis 2008
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Actein's inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity was less potent than that of digitoxin, but actein potentiated digitoxin's inhibitory effect on Na+-K+-ATPase activity and MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell growth.
Einbond 2008
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Treatment with the triterpene glycoside actein induced a stress response and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, compounds from Cimicifuga species may be useful in the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer.
Einbond 2008
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It is hypothesized that Avlimil (includes black cohosh, licorice, red raspberry, red clover and kudzu) could modulate the growth of estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo.
Ju 2008
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Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizoma, Phellodendron cortex and Sophora subprostrata radix decreased mouse hepatitis virus A59 production and intracellular viral RNA and protein expression with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 27.5 microg/ml.
Kim 2008
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Cimicidol-3-O-beta-D-xyloside, one of the main components isolated from Cimicifugae rhizoma, is an active component with antiosteoporotic effect and its metabolism by rat intestinal bacteria was investigated.
Li 2008
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Study on high-content screening and mechanism-based evaluation of estrogenic botanical extracts showed possible explanations for the conflicts in the literature over the estrogenicity of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh).
Overk 2008
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Black cohosh and its phytoconstituents were evaluated for serotonergic activity using 5-HT7 receptor binding, cAMP induction, and serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitor assays.
Powell 2008
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The cytotoxic effect of black cohosh on both estrogen-sensitive and estrogen-insensitive breast cancer cells and a synergism with tamoxifen for inhibition of cancerous cell growth was evaluated.
Al-Akoum 2007
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The possible estrogenic activity of a commercial dry hydro-alcoholic extract of C. racemosa and its hydrophilic and lipophilic sub-fractions on in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro assays was assessed.
Bolle 2007
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The isopropanolic extract of black cohosh was found to suppress tumor cell invasion without affecting cell viability.
Hostanska 2007
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It is reported for the first time that a defined compound isolated from Cimicifuga racemosa inhibits the growth of the human prostate cancer cells LNCaP.
Jarry 2007
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It is demonstrated that 25-acetylcimigenol xylopyranoside, a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from black cohosh, potently blocks in vitro osteoclastogenesis induced by either RANKL or TNFalpha, the cytokines.
Qiu 2007
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The action of ethanolic extracts of black cohosh (BCE) and genistein on growth and enzyme activity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-123 breast cancer cells was compared which showed that BCE not only inhibits growth but inhibits the conversion of oestrone sulphate to active oestradiol.
Rice 2007
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A triterpene glycoside from black cohosh acts as a suppressor of osteoclastogenesis, targeting specifically RANKL, a member of the TNF superfamily.
Sethi 2007
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Black cohosh decreases local estrogen formation in normal human breast tissue in vitro.
Stute 2007
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Study was carried out to determine whether the ethyl acetate fraction from the aerial part of Cimicifuga foetida Linnaeus possesses the anti-tumor action on hepatoma, and therefore, provide evidence for the traditional use of the plant as a detoxification agent.
Tian 2007
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The total glycosides from the aerial part of Cimicifuga dahurica were extracted and its cytotoxicity was evaluated in HepG2 cells and primary cultured normal mouse hepatocytes by an MTT assay.
Tian 2007
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Twelve of 55 herbs were comparable to or exceeded oxygen radical absorbance capacity levels of milk thistle seed or tea leaf. The highest radical-scavenging activity was found in Olea europaea, Cimicifuga racemosa, Rheum palmatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Scutellaria lateriflora.
Wojcikowski 2007
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Since the opiate system in the brain is intimately associated with mood, temperature, and sex hormonal levels, the activity of black cohosh extracts at the human mu opiate receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells was investigated.
Rhyu 2006
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An isopropanolic extract of black cohosh (Cimicifuga syn. Actaea racemosa L.) kills human hormone-responsive or-unresponsive prostate cancer cells by induction of apoptosis and activation of caspases.
Hostanska 2005
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Under basal as well as estradiol- and dihydrotestosterone stimulated conditions, a Cimicifuga racemosa extract inhibited proliferation of LNCaP cells at a concentration as low as 50 ng/ml. Thus, CR inhibition of human prostate cancer cells in vitro may be mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Jarry 2005
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The antiproliferative activity of the triterpene glycosides and the cinnamic acid esters CAE as well as of rat liver microsomal S9 fraction-pretreated isopropanolic-aqueous extract of black cohosh on MCF-7 cells was investigated by WST-1 assay.
Hostanska 2004
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The evidence from in vitro, animal and clinical studies all suggest that black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) is a safe herbal therapy for menopausal women if taken for a limited period.
Huntley 2004
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Black cohosh extract inhibited the anti-IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction, inhibited the IL-4, IL-5 & TNF-alpha mRNA induction by PMA & A23187 in human leukemia mast cells & showed inhibitory potential on the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells.
Kim 2004
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When the Cimicifuga heracleifolia extract was present in the cultured rat islets medium for 24 h prior to cell harvest, the Vmax of glutamate dehydrogenase was decreased by 45%, alpha-ketoglutarate increased by 39% & glutamate decreased by 48%.
Lee 2004
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Compounds from Trifolium pratense and Glycine max showed clear estrogenic activity through estrogen receptor alpha and beta and affinity to progesterone receptor and androgen receptor whereas the compounds from black cohosh did not.
Beck 2003
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Not yet identified substances in the Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 bind to a yet unknown estrogen-binding site in endometrium. Also, yet unknown dopaminergic compounds may contribute to pharmacological profile of above extract.
Jarry 2003
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Extracts of black cohosh do not bind to the estrogen receptor, up-regulate estrogen-dependent genes, or stimulate the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors in animal models.
Mahady 2003
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Studies showed that Cimicifuga racemosa does not stimulate the growth of MCF-7 cells independent of estrogenic activity.
Amato 2002
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Cimicifuga racemosa extract inhibited normal MCF-7 cell proliferation, estrogen-induced proliferation of MCF-7 cells and enhanced proliferation-inhibiting effect of tamoxifen.
Bodinet 2002
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Methanol extracts of black cohosh can protect against cellular DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species by acting as antioxidants. Bioassay-directed fractionation led to isolation of nine antioxidant active compounds.
Burdette 2002
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Black cohosh tested as one of many herbs considered to have potential anti-cancer properties.
Kapadia 2002
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In pharmacological experiments Cimicifuga extracts exhibited organ specific estrogenic effects and were characterised as selective estrogen-receptor-modulators.
Winterhoff 2002
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Many phytoestrogens including extract of Cimicifuga racemosa and industrial chemicals,behaved as estrogen receptor agonists in terms of stimulation of Alk.P activity when assessed using an endometrial derived model.
Wober 2002
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Study found that extracts from the rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa contain compounds with antiestrogenic properties.
Zierau 2002
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Cimicifuga racemosa, in vivo treatment in mice increased uterine weight and prolonged days of estrus and in vitro doubling time (TD) of cell growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and significantly increased estrogen receptor levels[Article in Chinese].
Liu 2001
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Caffeic acid, fukinolic acid as well as cimicifugic acids A, B, E and F isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa (Ranunculaceae) inhibited the activity of neutrophil elastase (EC 3.4.21.37) in a dose-dependent manner.
Loser 2000
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Data suggests that ferulic acid and isoferulic acid, active components of Cimicifuga heracleifolia rhizome, might be responsible, at least in part, for the anti-inflammatory drug effect of CH extract through the inhibition of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production.
Sakai 2000
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Extracts of several estrogenic herbs, including hops, black cohosh and vitex, inhibited growth of T-47D breast cancer cells .
Dixon-Shanies 1999
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Fukiic acid and piscidic acid were isolated from a 50% ethanolic extract obtained from Cimicifuga racemosa rhizome. The estrogenic activity of fukinolic acid was shown by increased proliferation of an estrogen dependent MCF-7 cell system with reference to estradiol.
Kruse 1999
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EC50 against Plasmodium of 25 triterpenoids from Cimicifuga spp was 1-3 microM; 19 had a
common 16, 23:23, 26:24, 25-triepoxy group; 9 also inhibited nucleoside transport in splenocytes.
Takahira 1998
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Ferulic acid from Cimicifuga root, an anti-inflammatory in Oriental medicine, was comparable with
dexamethasone at inhibiting LPS induced TNF-a & MIP-2 production by murine macrophage
Sakai 1997
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"The endocrine effects of constituents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 2. In vitro binding of constituents to estrogen receptors" (no abstract).
Jarry 1985b
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Cimicifugoside, a triterpenoid from Cimicifuga simplex, is a potent inhibitor of thymidine-3H uptake by cells without affecting nucleotide phosphorylation or growth rate.
Hemmi 1980
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"Spasmolytic substances from Cimicifuga dahurica maxim" (no abstract).
Ito 1976
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Analytical Chemistry
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LC-MS coupled with the electrospray ionization (ESI) interface method is described for identification of formononetin and triterpenoid glycosides in plant samples and dietary supplements that claim to contain black cohosh and different species of Actaea.
Avula 2009
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Three new guanidine alkaloids have been isolated and characterized from Cimicifuga racemosa (syn. Actaea racemosa) roots. Of these, cyclo-cimipronidine (1) and cimipronidine methyl ester (2) are congeners of cimipronidine (3), whereas dopargine (5) is a derivative of dopamine.
G?ke 2009
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The hypothesis that the content of active ingredients may vary among manufacturers, potentially causing a large variation in therapeutic outcome was tested on black cohosh , grape seed extract , green tea extract and ginseng.
Wanwimolruk 2009
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With bioactivity guided purification involving use of partitioning extraction and high performance liquid chromatography, one of the key bioactive constituents, cimiracemate A, was isolated from the rhizome extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa by NMR spectroscopy.
Yang 2009
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A very practical, rapid, and reliable high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method was developed for identification of Cimicifuga racemosa and detection of its most common adulterants by fingerprint profiles.
Ankli 2008
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Molecular descriptors such as CLogP, minimal cross-sectional area and polar surface area of 37 active components from selected herbal extracts such as milk thistle, kava, ginkgo, ginseng, valerian, black cohosh and garlic were estimated.
Pade 2008
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It is indicated that common black cohosh adulterants, such as yellow cohosh, can be differentiated from black cohosh by TLC and TLC-bioluminescence.
Verbitski 2008
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Seven 9,10-seco-9,19-cyclolanostane arabinosides, named podocarpasides A-G (1-7), were isolated from roots of Actaea podocarpa DC., a species closely related to black cohosh. Their structures were determined with the help of spectroscopic data including extensive 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Ali 2007
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HPLC-methods were illustrated with selected examples, including woad (Isatis tinctoria), the traditional Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) to identify pharmacologically active compounds.
Hamburger 2007
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An isopropanolic extract of the rootstock of black cohosh, a common co-medication of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer patients suffering from climacteric symptoms, contains triterpene glycosides and cinnamic acid esters, both of which possess structural similarities to steroids.
Nisslein 2007
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A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection has been developed for analysis of the major polyphenols in the roots and rhizomes of black cohosh, used as a botanical dietary supplement for women's health.
Nuntanakorn 2007
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Three new 15,16-seco-cycloartane glycosides, which were constructed by a C-C bond cleavage in the D ring, have been isolated from Cimicifuga Rhizome for the first time and structures were determined.
Yoshimitsu 2007
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A new chromone, 6'-hydroxylangelicain(18), has been isolated from Cimicifuga foetida L. together with 20 known compounds. The structures of 18 have been elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence.
Cao 2005
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The synthesis of the rare bioactive phenylpropanoid ester known as cimiracemate B from black cohosh, Cimicifuga racemosa, employing a coupling method using 1, l'-carbonyldiimidazole and methyltrifluoromethanesulfonate as coupling reagents is described.
Chen 2005
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Quantitative analyses of 85-year-old black cohosh and modern plant material showed similar amounts of the four major triterpene glycosides, but the total amount of the 6 major phenolic constituents measured in the 85-year-old plant was lower than the modern plant amount.
Jiang 2005
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5 phenylpropanoid esters, including caffeoylglycolic acid, cimicifugic acid D, cimiciphenol, & cimiciphenone were isolated for the first time from Cimicifuga racemosa with the known cimicifugic acids A, B, E, F, fukinolic acid, etc. Structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic data.
Stromeier 2005
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Bioassay-guided isolation from the dietary supplement made from black cohosh(Cimicifuga racemosa) afforded 6 active principles, identified as cycloartanoid triterpene glycosides which showed CYP3A4 inhibition used for the treatment of menopausal and post-menopausal symptoms.
Tsukamoto 2005
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A liquid chromatography /turbo ion spray-mass spectrometry method was developed to examine the chromatography of 7 Cimicifuga herbs & 6 Cimicifuga racemosa(CR) commercial products. CR & its six products contained about 6-15% of 23-epi-26-deoxyactein in total triterpene glycosides.
Wang 2005
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Cycloartane triglycosides isolated from Cimicifuga Rhizome suppressed the proliferation of mouse lymphocytes.
Nishida 2003
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Eight new and 13 known triterpene glycosides, along with the known compounds glyceryl-1-palmitate and daucosterol-6'-linoleate were isolated from the roots/rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa.
Chen 2002a
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Four phenylpropanoid esters, cimiracemates A-D, along with three known compounds, isoferulic acid, ferulic acid and methyl caffeate were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of the rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa.
Chen 2002b
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Clinical actions of black cohosh have been attributed to the isoflavonone formononetin since 1985;it was not detected in black cohosh roots and rhizomes collected in thirteen locations. Estrogen-like actions of black cohosh, may be due to compounds, other than formononetin.
Kennelly 2002
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From aerial parts of Cimicifuga dahurica, two new cyclolanostanol xylosides, cimilactone A and cimilactone B and three known compounds were isolated.
Liu 2002
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The structures of four new cycloartane glycosides compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis, and chemical methods and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities.
Watanabe 2002
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The chemical constituents of Cimicifuga simplex and its related species were reexamined using HPLC and high resolution spectral analysis --- 59 new cycloartane triterpene glycosides and 11 new aromatic constituents were isolated with the previously reported compounds.
Kusano 2001
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Four new cycloart-7-ene triterpenol arabinosides, bugbanosides C-F, were isolated from the underground parts of Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk.
Kusano 2001b
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Further studies are needed to fully characterize whether triterpene glycosides as well as other components of black cohosh in this plant extract bind to the estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha).
Onorato 2001
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A new cycloartane glycoside (1) was obtained from a minor triterpene fraction of the rhizome extract of Actaea racemosa (synonym: Cimicifuga racemosa) along with a known compound, cimigenol 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside.
Wende 2001
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Five cycloartane triterpenoids were isolated and identified from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga acerina (Sieb. et Zucc.) by Column chromatgraphy together with HPLC and structures determined by FAB-MS, NMR (1D and 2D) and hydrolysis methods [Article in Chinese].
Zhang 2001
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The structures of two new cycloartane-type saponin constituents of the roots of Cimicifuga foetida were established by the interpretation of spectroscopic data.
Zhu 2001
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A new 9,19-cyclolanostane-type triterpene xyloside (1), from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa, has been isolated together with four known saponins.
Bedir 2000
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A method to directly identify triterpene glycosides using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS was developed. The method can be used to distinguish black cohosh products from among different plant species for quality control purposes.
He 2000
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Eight new triterpene glycosides named cimiracemosides A-H, respectively, and eight known triterpene glycosides were isolated from the rhizome extracts of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa).
Shao 2000
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[Advance in the research on triterpenoids of tribe Cimicifugeae] [Article in Chinese].
Ju 1999
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A new cycloartane saponin along with two known compounds, cimigenol and cimigenol 3-O-beta-D-xyloside, was isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga acerina (Sieb. et Zucc.) Tanaka.
Zhang 1999
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Eight new glycosides isolated from Cimicifuga simplex.
Kusano 1996
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Neocimiside, a new cycloartane triterpenoid glycoside isolated from rhizomes of Cimicifuge foetida L.,
has 11 beta-OH group and lacks the 24-isopropyl group.
Li, 1996
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Many 9,19-cyclolanostane glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga and related genera. Acetylshengmanol xyloside seems to be the parent component of the other glycosides.
Sakurai 1996
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Three new cyclolanostanol xylosides were isolated from a batch of commercial Cimicifuga rhizome.
Koeda 1995
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Two new triterpenol glycosides were isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica.
Sakurai 1994
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"Studies on the Chinese crude drug "Shoma." VII. Isolation and determination of genuine natural
products, acetyl shengmanol xyloside, 24-O-acetylhydroshengmanol xyloside, and shengmanol
xyloside, in Cimicifuga" (no abstract, Japanese)
Kimura 1983
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"Studies on the constituents of Cimicifuga spp. XII. A revised structure of acerinol and the structures of
the related compounds" (no abstract, Japanese)
Kusano 1976
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"Contents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 5. 27-desoxyacetylacteol" (no abstract, German)
Linde 1968
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"Contents of Cimicifuga racemosa. 3. On the constitution of the rings A, B and C of actein" (no
abstract, German).
Linde 1967
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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A simple and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet absorbance detection has been developed and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of isoferulic acid in rat plasma after oral administration of isoferulic acid and Rhizoma Cimicifugae.
Si 2008
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It is a potentially significant pathway for the gastric in vivo conversion ("nature's prodrug") of the relatively polar triterpene glycosides of black cohosh into significantly less polar chlorinated derivatives with altered pharmacological properties.
Chen 2007
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In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes indicated that black cohosh weakly inhibited CYP2D6 substrates and may interfere with it.
Gurley 2005
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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Since black cohosh methanolic extract activated genes that enhance apoptosis and repressed cell cycle genes, it may be useful in the prevention and therapy of breast cancer.
Einbond 2007
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No estrogenic but antiproliferative and proapoptotic gene expression was shown for black cohosh in MCF-7 cells at the transcriptional level.
Gaube 2007
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses was applied to distinguish three Cimicifuga species: C. racemosa, C. americana and C. rubifolia.
Xu 2002
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Modern Methods of Preparation
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[A U.S. review determined that black cohosh products should be labelled with a cautionary statement.]
Teschke 2009
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Investigation of the origin of natural products shows that the ingredients of some health food products such as chondroitin sulfate, white kwao keur (Pueraria candollei var. mirifica) and black cohosh did not originate from the labelled material.
Goda 2008
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Experiments were conducted using plant material, extracts of black cohosh, and encapsulated commercial extract to evaluate the stability of the polyphenolic constituents and triterpene glycosides of black cohosh.
Jiang 2008
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Steps of the validation process are discussed and illustrated with examples from a project to validate methods for identification of several botanicals including black cohosh rhizome using HPTLC.
Reich 2008
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Very simple, rapid, new capillary electrophoresis method is satisfactorily used for separation and determination of ferulic, chlorogenic, and caffeic acid in Cimicifuga foetida Li and its preparation.
Li 2007
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Commercially available products induced an increase in the MCF-7 proliferation rates, indicating an estrogen-agonistic activity in the absence of estradiol. But isopropanolic black cohosh extract did not stimulate MCF-7 growth & exerted inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation.
Bodinet 2004
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Combined administration of tamoxifen plus Cimicifuga racemosa preparation CR BNO 1055 for 12 months reduced number and severity of hot flushes induced by tamoxifen in premenopausal breast cancer survivors.
Hernandez 2003
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Study to determine efficacy of morning/evening menopause formulae both containing black cohosh suggests that both are safe and effective for relieving menopausal symptoms including hot flashes and sleep disturbance.
Sun 2003
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Patents
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Conduct a search on "Cimicifuga or Actaea racemosa" or "black cohosh" in the title, abstract or claims section of the
US patent database
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Pharmaceutically active plant preparation for the treatment of migraine containing Tanacetum parthenium in combination with Vitex agnus castus and/or Cimicifuga racemosa and/or Zingiber officinale
US Patent 6,967,033
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Preparation of Cimicifuga racemosa can be used to successfully treat urinary incontinence in treatment of women following a hysterectomy or after the menopause
US Patent 6,713,097
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Herbal composition for promoting hormonal balance in women and methods of using same
US Patent 6,242,012
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Pictures & Distribution Maps
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Summary of the Conservation Status of Cimicifuga ssp. (Cimicifuga rubifolia, C. americana, and C. racemosa)
MPWG
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Natural Resources Conservation Service-Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. black bugbane
NRCS
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UW-Madison Botanical Garden
Species Detail Page:Cimicifuga racemosa
UW-MBl
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Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology
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Investigations on Cimicifuga racemosa revealed, time for germination, influence of Gibberellic acid on embryo; seasonal variations in chemical contents and difference in the quality of the ethanolic extract BNO 1055.
Popp 2003
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Cimicifuga racemosa plant is wild crafted and conservationists have expressed concerns with its sustainability. Review suggest that conservation of C. racemosa is possible through in vitro multiplication of leaf-derived callus.
Lata 2002
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Allozyme data strongly indicate that the two morphological types (Groups I and II) of Cimicifuga simplex should be treated as separate species.
Lee 2000
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Located near Rutland in Meigs County, Ohio, the National Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs is a not-for-profit research facility and preserve responsible for the cultivation and study medicinal herbs that are at risk of extinction.
Black Cohosh
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Related Links
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Article on A. racemosa by Steven Foster
(SFG)
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Scroll down index of herbs to find Radix Cimicifugae Racemosae within the pdf file in
WHO monograph
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| HISTORY OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D. 1998-2000 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael C. Tims, PhD. candidate September 2002 |
| REVISED BY: J Mohanasundaram, MD, Ph.D January 2010 |
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